7
functions of interjections in Azerbaijani-Turkish LaRa communication would
contribute to the literature of LaRa. Still, the current status of research upon LaRa
communication within/between the branches of Turkic languages calls for
explorative study.
Besides, most of the studies focused upon the rate of mutual intelligibility
of the interactants. Not many researches have been conducted to analyze the
contribution of discursive items such as pragmatic or discourse markers and
interjections to multilingual communication. Therefore, this study is, in its own
context, unique.
The call of this study for explorative research on current language mode
used in the Turkey-The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
of Republic of
Azerbaijan would be another aspect of the significance of this study contributing
to the discussions on LaRa communication in border areas.
With the continuous advancement in technology, the linguistic analysis of
utterances and linguistic items has become much more straightforward. Therefore,
computer-assisted linguistic analysis has been used by linguists from all fields of
research. In this study, interjections which are the indicators and/or signals of
understanding of the interactants in Azerbaijani-Turkish LaRa communication
will be transcribed and investigated with the help of the transcription convention
EXMARaLDA and PRAAT. On one side, the partitur editor EXMARaLDA in
accordance with HIAT conventions will be used for the transcription of the data
for discursive analysis which will contribute to the literature. On the other side, as
for the analysis of the functional aspects of interjections in Azerbaijani and
Turkish, PRAAT will be used. All in all, these computer programs help the
researchers to analyze data.
8
1.5.
Definitions of Terms
Lingua Receptiva (LaRa) – “a mode of multilingual communication in
which interactants employ a language and/or a language variety different from
their partner’s and still understand each other without the help of any additional
lingua franca” (Jochen Rehbein, Jan D. ten Thije,, & Anna Verschik, 2012, p.
248).
Language constellation – “the interaction of the languages involved,
participants’ multilingual skills, and the mode in which language is being used”
(Juliana House & Jochen Rehbein, 2004, p.2).
Interjection (n.) - A term used in the traditional classification of parts of
speech, referring to a class of words which are unproductive, do not enter into
syntactic relationships with other classes, and whose function is purely emotive,
e.g. Yuk!, Strewth!, Blast!, Tut tut! There is an unclear boundary between these
items and other types of exclamation, where there may be more than one word,
e.g. Excellent!, Lucky devil!, Cheers!, Well well! Several alternative ways of
analyzing these items have been suggested, using such notions as minor sentence,
formulaic language, etc. (Crystal 2003: 239).
Receptive Multilingualism - ‘the language constellation in which
interlocutors use their respective mother tongues while speaking to each other’
(Zeevaert & ten Thije, 2007: 1).
9
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0. Presentation
This chapter presents the history of receptive multilingualism studies,
comparative analysis of Turkish and Azerbaijani, analysis of Turkish and
Azerbaijani interjections and theory of Functional Pragmatic Index of Language
Distance (PILaD).
2.1. History of Receptive Multilingual Studies
The studies concerning mutual intelligibility have been conducted since
1951 when Voegelin and Harris distinguished the mutual intelligibility of
American Indian dialects due to close “linguistic proximity” (Lems et al., 2010) or
‘close genetic relationship’ (Bahtina & ten Thije, forthcoming).
Voegelin and Harris (1951) designed two-layered testing methods, which
was termed as “testing the informant” (Wolff, 1959: 34), to investigate the closely
related American Indian dialects. An interrogative interview was, first of all,
designed in order to find out the ideas of the participants about language
relatedness and mutual intelligibility among the languages. As the second layer of
the research, an auditory comprehension test, which was prepared in each of the
indigenous languages of Americas under investigation, was conducted with the
participants so that the rate of mutual intelligibility could be estimated with the
participants’ translations of what they heard into their native languages.
Voegelin and Harris’ methods of measuring the mutual intelligibility were
adapted and utilized by a variety of researchers such as Hickerson et al. (1952),
10
Olmsted (1954) and Biggs (1957). Hickerson et al. (1952) investigated testing
procedures for estimating transfer of information among Iroquois dialects and
languages while Olmsted (1954) studies non-reciprocal intelligibility among
Achumawi and Atsugewi which are both genetically related indigenous languages
of Americas in the branch of Palaihnihan subdivision. Biggs (1957) tested
intelligibility among six closely-related Yuman languages, indigenous languages
of Americas, based on the fieldwork he carried out in the summer of 1956.
Nonetheless, Wolff (1959) criticized those studies due to the drawbacks of
the translation method in order to determine the degree of mutual intelligibility of
closely related languages or dialects in that translation is not a controlled method
as “the uncontrollable factors enter into the testing situation” (p. 34). His criticism
was based on his own observation on the mutual intelligibility between a variety
of Nigerian languages which range from closely related to less related ones. He
stated that “linguistic (phonemic, morphemic, lexical) similarity between two
dialects does not seem to guarantee the possibility of interlingual communication;
similarly, the existence of interlingual communication is not necessarily an
indication of linguistic similarity between two such dialects” (Wolff, 1959, pp.
441-442 as cited in Romaniuk, 2010: 8). He emphasized the necessity of “need”
for close communication between the languages and/or in order to achieve mutual
intelligibility regardless of the genetically relatedness.
Mutual intelligibility has been termed as semicommunication since 1966
when Einar Haugen studied the mutual intelligibility among Scandinavian
languages. He emphasized the cultural heritage that the Norden countries
(consisting of sovereign states of Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland and
Finland) share as one of the crucial reasons which leads to a kind of quasi-
symbiotic language constellation in Scandinavia. As his method of research, he
designed a questionnaire consisting of four sections and forty-five questions. In
the first section of the questionnaire he prepared demographic questions about the
informants such as age, sex, birthplace, etc. Other three sections questioned the
informants’ attitudes towards the other Scandinavian languages under
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