A. D. Smith, National Identity, p

“ethnies are constituted, not by lines of physical descent, but by the sense of continuity, shared memory and collective destiny, i.e. by lines of cultural affinity embodied in myths, memories, symbols and values retained by a given cultural unit of population.”

• “ethnies are constituted, not by lines of physical descent, but by the sense of continuity, shared memory and collective destiny, i.e. by lines of cultural affinity embodied in myths, memories, symbols and values retained by a given cultural unit of population.”

• A.D. Smith, National Identity, p. 29

Modern nations and pre-modern ethnies are linked

• Modern nations and pre-modern ethnies are linked

• Ethnies are crucial for the formation of nations

• Myths, symbols, folk tales, histories, memories, cultural traditions play important roles in transforming ethnies in nations

• They are the basis for social cohesion

- Represented externally in artefacts, roles, rituals and institutions

• - Represented externally in artefacts, roles, rituals and institutions

• - Represented internally as values, beliefs, attitudes, identities, stock of knowledge and world view

• Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Culture (New York, 1973)

“A nation can therefore be defined as

• “A nation can therefore be defined as

• a named human population

• sharing an historic territory,

• common myths and historical memories,

• a mass public culture,

• a common economy

• and common legal rights and duties for all members .“

• Anthony D. Smith: National Identity. Reno, Las Vegas, London 1991, p. 14.

State-building nationalism: England, France

• State-building nationalism: England, France

• Peripheral nationalism: Quebec, Scotland, Catalonia

• Irredentist nationalism: Sudeten Germans, Hungarians in Romania

• Unification nationalism: Germany, Italy

• Michael Hechter, Containing Nationalism (Oxford, New York, 2000), pp. 15-17