27
trapezium and polygonal forms were displayed in separate towns as a result of the
investigations.
For instance, the estates were closed in a part of medieval towns. The
houses included into the estate had no private exit to main street. Top of street-
blind alleys was enclosed with balconies of separate houses in most cases. The
door of such closed estate, characteristic much more for Otrar was usually shut at
nights. Some houses therewith situated in a relative depth of the estates had
particular passages to main streets respectively.
Growth of estate population, establishment of new families, construction of
new houses correspondingly, or urgency of expansion of current houses as time
passes by, caused more contraction of yards common for everybody. The
analogical sight could be observed in Shaki, Lahij, Basgal and Icharishahar, where
medieval urban elements preserved till nowadays. Non-observation of “red lines”
in planning of estates was always a serious obstacle for town architecture. In
particular, a passage from the estate square till main street, as well as back streets
and blind alleys drew attention for their being strangely uneven. Such chaotic
situation in construction was observed in every place.
Unlike Otrar, the investigators of Urgenj state that a number of
constructions adherent to the town walls are integral part of the estate. 54 rooms
displayed along main street are presented like a separate estate.
The houses in Khersones estates having mainly right-angled form for
planning structure go out to main street as a whole door. But each house has no
exit to main street respectively like in Otrar, i.e. exit of all houses is to a common
yard-estate square.
Medieval town estate has no concrete definition and admissible explanation
in archaeological literature. Because originality formed over the centuries on
variety of town, difference of their reliefs, and residence of population and finally,
influence level of ethnic, religious, sociological and psychological factors
complicate entirely palette of estate concept.
It is a little difficult to determine counters for its definition and
characteristics for this reason.
Mainly this factor stands on the stem of distinctive thoughts and definitions
on characteristics of estates by separate specialists.
For example, according to A.M.Belenitsky, estates and dwelling massives
bordered on streets. Apparently, there is incompleteness in this explanation.
Because estates did not contain of justly living massives. How should areas where
vocational workshops and shops focused, be called in this case?
Reseacher V.L.Voronina could not give complete characteristics of estates.
According to him, “a number of houses where relatives lived were independent
states having their own street and separated from the town street by doors closed at
nights”. To recall, V.A.Lavrov engaged in research of Middle Asia cities also has
28
such thought. Of course, the practice of relatives' walking, living and finally
residence as collection has ancient history. This case is manifested in this or other
level presently. Moreover distinguishing such estates only for this sign must be
valued at least as incomplete approach to the issue.
It is difficult to express view about structure and capacity of estates, number
of population resided there and social cultural level since scale of archaeological
excavations is still small in last medieval cities of Azerbaijan. Besides,
investigation carried out in Agsu creates opportunity for making primary steps
from standpoint of studying topography of last medieval estates. For instance,
stone-cobbled square displayed in 6a, 6b, 7a and 7b squares of III excavation site
was one of the estates' yards. Display of smith, brazier, and dyer studios,
workshops and shops of embroiderers and masters of bone products shows that this
estate was mostly craftsmen estate.
The signs of another estate were fixed in 2, 2a, 2b, 3, 3a, 3b, partially 4, 4a
and 4b squares in III excavation site. As it is seen from the plan of the excavation,
a stone-floor street laid in east west direction severing 4, 4a and 4b squares existed
there, i.e. exit of craftsmen estate mentioned above is mainly from that street.
Dwelling houses and manufacture enteprises were displayed in northern part across
the street. Large bread ovens in III and IV squares were straightforwardly used
with the purpose of market production. It is supposed that subsidiaries found in 2
and 2a squares, comparatively large house room fixed in 2b and 3b squares belong
to this estate.. Hearthes and bread ovens (tendir) of van'ous sizes and forms
registered next to each other in 2a and 2b squares allow speaking about character
of the estate and defeat of its settlers. Unconditionally these findings create estate
economy where people engaged in production and sale of bread and sweets
products are focused. So, craftsmen estate existed in south of one of main streets of
the town, while, bakers estate functioned in north. Determination of borders of
both estates and number of houses there, were impossible because non-completion
of excavations in the area.
Study of certain part of some estates of the town was possible during
investigations implemented in IV excavation field. One of those estates was fixed
in 1, 1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3, 3a, 3b and 3c squares. Nearly 700 sq/ms area of
this estate included into last years of the town existence, was studied. The estate is
bordered on one of main streets lying in east west direction severing 4, 4a, 4b and
4c squares. This estate is right-angled by planning. Exit of houses and subsidiaries
is directly towards a main street. The remnants of water and sewerage network
being sufficiently dense, were displayed along with numerous hearthes and clay
ovens (tendir).
A part of estate houses substantiates thinking of their inclusion into elite
layer for several signs.
Dostları ilə paylaş: |