Appendix 1: Terms in the field of Psychiatry and Neurology – Glossary of Psychiatry A

F

Fantasy	An imagined sequence of events or mental images (e.g., daydreams) that serves to express unconscious conflicts, to gratify unconscious wishes, or to prepare for anticipated future events.
Fatouos affect	The moods of a patient with fatuous affect resemble the moods of a child. This condition is seen in hebephrenic schizophrenia.
First rank symptoms	Schneider classified the most characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia as first-rank features of schizophrenia. These included third person auditory hallucinations, thought echo, thought interference (insertion, withdrawal, and broadcasting), delusional perception and passivity phenomena.
Flashback	A recurrence of a memory, feeling, or perceptual experience from the past.
Flat affect	An affect type that indicates the absence of signs of affective expression.
Flight of ideas	A nearly continuous flow of accelerated speech with abrupt changes from topic to topic that are usually based on understandable associations, distracting stimuli, or plays on words. When severe, speech may be disorganized and incoherent. In mania and hypomania. Rapid skipping from one thought to distantly related ideas, the relation often being so tentative as for instance the sound (rhyming) of different utterances.
Flooding (implosion)	A behavior therapy procedure for phobias and other problems involving maladaptive anxiety, in which anxiety producers are presented in intense forms, either in imagination or in real life. The presentations, which act as desensitizers, are continued until the stimuli no longer produce disabling anxiety.
Folie à deux (also called induced psychosis)	A shared psychotic disorder between 2 people, usually people who are closely related emotionally and mutually dependent upon each other. One has real psychosis while the symptoms of psychosis are induced in the other or others due to close attachment to the one with psychosis. Separation usually results in symptomatic improvement in the one who is not psychotic. Folie communiquée, folie imposée, folie induite, and folie simultanée are the four subtypes of folie à deux. Folie communiqué or subtype C of folie à deux, occurs when a normal person suffers a contagion of his ideas after resisting them for a long time. Once he acquires these beliefs he maintains them despite separation. Folie imposée, or subtype A of folie a deux, is the most common form in which the dominant person imposes a delusioninto a person who was not previously mentally ill. Separation of the two results in improvement of the non-dominant person. Folie induite, or subtype D of folie a deux, a person who is already psychotic adds the delusions of a closely associated person to his own. Folie simultanée, or subtype B of folie a deux, a delusional system emerges simultaneously and independently in two closely related persons, and the separation of the two would not be beneficial in the resolution of psychopathology.
Formal thought disorder	An inexact term referring to a disturbance in the form of thinking rather than to abnormality of content. See blocking; loosening of associations; poverty of speech.
Formication	The tactile hallucination or illusion that insects are crawling on the body or under the skin.
Fragmentation	Separation into different parts, or preventing their integration, or detaching one or more parts from the rest. A fear of fragmentation of the personality, also known as disintegration anxiety, is often observed in patients whenever they are exposed to repetitions of earlier experiences that interfered with development of the self. This fear may be expressed as feelings of falling apart, as a loss of identity, or as a fear of impending loss of one's vitality and of psychological depletion.
Free association	In psychoanalytic therapy, spontaneous, uncensored verbalization by the patient of whatever comes to mind.
Fregoli syndrome	the person feels that a person not known to him previously gets changed to a familiar person or one of his close family members. This is in contrast to Capgras syndromein which he feels that his family member has changed into an unknown person or an imposter.
Frontal lobe syndrome	This follows frontal lobe damage or may be consequent upon a lesion such as a tumour of infarction. There is a lack judgement, a coarsening of personality, disinhibition, pressure of speech, lack of planning ability, and sometimes apathy.
Frotteurism	One of the paraphilias, consisting of recurrent, intense sexual urges involving touching and rubbing against a nonconsenting person; common sites in which such activities take place are crowded trains, buses, and elevators. Fondling the victim may be part of the condition and is called toucherism.
Fusion	The union and integration of the instincts and drives so that they complement each other and help the organism to deal effectively with both internal needs and external demands.

G

Gedankenlaut-werden ,	a patient hears thoughts Hearing thought spoken aloud Thoughts are heard in the form of a voice at the same time when they are thought, not afterwards. See also Écho de la pensée and Thought Sonorization
Gegenhalten	"Active" resistance to passive movement of the extremities that does not appear to be under voluntary control.
Globus hystericus	The disturbing sensation of a lump in the throat.
Glossolalia	Gibberish-like speech or "speaking in tongues."
Gender dysphoria	A persistent aversion toward some or all of those physical characteristics or social roles that connote one's own biological sex.
Gender identity	A person's inner conviction of being male or female.
Gender role	Attitudes, patterns of behavior, and personality attributes defined by the culture in which the person lives as stereotypically "masculine" or "feminine" social roles.
Grandiosity	An inflated appraisal of one's worth, power, knowledge, importance, or identity. When extreme, grandiosity may be of delusional proportions.
Grandiose delusion	A delusion of inflated worth, power, knowledge, identity, or special relationship to a deity or famous person.
Gustatory hallucination	A hallucination involving the perception of taste (usually unpleasant).

H

Hallucination	A sensory perception that has the compelling sense of reality of a true perception but that occurs without external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ. Hallucinations should be distinguished from illusions, in which an actual external stimulus is misperceived or misinterpreted. The person may or may not have insight into the fact that he or she is having a hallucination. One person with auditory hallucinations may recognize that he or she is having a false sensory experience, whereas another may be convinced that the source of the sensory experience has an independent physical reality. The term hallucination is not ordinarily applied to the false perceptions that occur during dreaming, while falling asleep (hypnagogic), or when awakening (hypnopompic). Transient hallucinatory experiences may occur in people without a mental disorder. Hallucinations may occur in any sensory modality. A perception, indistinguishable from reality, occurring in the absence of an external stimulus. Hypnagogic hallucination - an hallucination occurring on falling asleep. Hypnopompic hallucination - an hallucination occurring on waking up.
Hedonism	Pleasure-seeking behavior. Contrast with anhedonia.
5-HIAA (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid)	A major metabolite of serotonin, a biogenic amine found in the brain and other organs. Functional deficits of serotonin in the central nervous system have been implicated in certain types of major mood disorders, and particularly in suicide and impulsivity.
Hippocampus	Olfactory brain; a sea-horse¾shaped structure located within the brain that is an important part of the limbic system. The hippocampus is involved in some aspects of memory, in the control of the autonomic functions, and in emotional expression.
Hyperacusis	Inordinate sensitivity to sounds; it may be on an emotional or an organic basis.
Hypersomnia	Excessive sleepiness, as evidenced by prolonged nocturnal sleep, difficulty maintaining an alert awake state during the day, or undesired daytime sleep episodes. ideas of reference The feeling that casual incidents and external events have a particular and unusual meaning that is specific to the person. This is to be distinguished from a delusion of reference, in which there is a belief that is held with delusional conviction
Hypnagogic	Referring to the semiconscious state immediately preceding sleep; may include hallucinations that are of no pathological significance.
Hypnopompic	Referring to the state immediately preceding awakening; may include hallucinations that are of no pathological significance.
Hypomania	An affective disorder characterised by elation, overactivity, an insomnia.
Hyposchemaziais	characterized by the reduced awareness of a patient's body imageand Aschemaziaby the absence of it. These disorders can have many varied causes such as physical injuries, mental disorders, or mental or physical states. These include transection of the spinal cord, parietal lobelesions (e.g. right middle cerebral artery thrombosis), anxiety, depersonalization, epileptic auras, migraines, sensory deprivation, and vertigo(i.e. "floating on air").

I

Id	In Freudian theory, the part of the personality that is the unconscious source of unstructured desires and drives. See also ego; superego.
Idealization	A mental mechanism in which the person attributes exaggeratedly positive qualities to the self or others.
Ideas of reference	Incorrect interpretations of casual incidents and external events as having direct reference to oneself. May reach sufficient intensity to constitute delusions. Incorrect interpretation of remarks, incidents and external events as referring directly to oneself. May be of delusional intensity when it becomes known as a Delusion of Reference.
Idée fixe	is an alternate term for an overvalued idea. In this condition, a belief that might seem reasonable both to the patient and to other people comes to dominate completely the patient's thinking and life.
Identification	A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, by which one patterns oneself after some other person. Identification plays a major role in the development of one's personality and specifically of the superego. To be differentiated from imitation or role modeling, which is a conscious process.
Idiot savant	A person with gross mental retardation who nonetheless is capable of performing certain remarkable feats in sharply circumscribed intellectual areas, such as calendar calculation or puzzle solving.
Illusion	An abnormal perception caused by a sensory misinterpretation of and actual stimulus, sometimes precipitated by strong emotion, e.g. fear provoking a person to imagine they have seen an intruder in the shadows. Misperception of a stimulus, usually occurring at times of environmental or personal dulling e.g. at night; when suffering a serious infection.
Imprinting	A term in ethology referring to a process similar to rapid learning or behavioral patterning that occurs at critical points in very early stages of animal development. The extent to which imprinting occurs in human development has not been established.
Inappropriate affect	An affect type that represents an unusual affective expression that does not match with the content of what is being said or thought.
Incoherence	Speech or thinking that is essentially incomprehensible to others because words or phrases are joined together without a logical or meaningful connection. This disturbance occurs within clauses, in contrast to derailment, in which the disturbance is between clauses. This has sometimes been referred to as "word salad" to convey the degree of linguistic disorganization. Mildly ungrammatical constructions or idiomatic usages characteristic of particular regional or cultural backgrounds, lack of education, or low intelligence should not be considered incoherence. The term is generally not applied when there is evidence that the disturbance in speech is due to an aphasia.
Incorporation	A primitive defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, in which the psychic representation of a person, or parts of the person, is figuratively ingested.
Individuation	A process of differentiation, the end result of which is development of the individual personality that is separate and distinct from all others.
Indoleamine	One of a group of biogenic amines (e.g., serotonin) that contains a five-membered, nitrogen-containing indole ring and an amine group within its chemical structure. inhibition Behavioral evidence of an unconscious defense against forbidden instinctual drives; may interfere with or restrict specific activities.
Insight	In psychotic mental disorders and organic brain syndromes a patient's insight into whether or not they are ill and therefore requiring treatment may be affected. In depression a person may lack insight into their best qualities and in mania a person may overestimate their wealth and abilities. Four facets, are; morbid experiences seen as abnormal as the result of illness as the result of a mental illness open to medical intervention.
Insomnia	A subjective complaint of difficulty falling or staying asleep or poor sleep quality. Types of insomnia include:
Initial insomnia	Difficulty in falling asleep.
Instinct	An inborn drive. The primary human instincts include self-preservation, sexuality, and according to some proponents the death instinct, of which aggression is one manifestation.
Integration	The useful organization and incorporation of both new and old data, experience, and emotional capacities into the personality. Also refers to the organization and amalgamation of functions at various levels of psychosexual development.
Intellectualization	A mental mechanism in which the person engages in excessive abstract thinking to avoid confrontation with conflicts or disturbing feelings.
Intersex condition	A condition in which an individual shows intermingling, in various degrees, of the characteristics of each sex, including physical form, reproductive organs, and sexual behavior.
Introspection	Self-observation; examination of one's feelings, often as a result of psychotherapy.
Introversion	Preoccupation with oneself and accompanying reduction of interest in the outside world. Contrast to extraversion.
Isolation	A defense mechanism operating unconsciously central to obsessive-compulsive phenomena in which the affect is detached from an idea and rendered unconscious, leaving the conscious idea colorless and emotionally neutral.

J

Jamais vu	An abnormal experience where an individual feels that a routine or familiar event has never happened before. (See Deja vue). The feelings of strangeness in familiar surroundings as though one had never been there before
Jargon aphasia,	is characterized by incoherent, meaningless, speech with a neologisms (newly invented words). These are unconscious thoughts that find expression when one is off one's guard and must be consciously repressed.

K

Klinefelter's syndrome	Chromosomal defect in males in which there is an extra X chromosome; manifestations may include underdeveloped testes, physical feminization, sterility, and mental retardation.
Klüver Bucy syndrome,	a patient will display placidity, hyperorality, hypersexuality, and hyperphagia. This condition results from bilateral destruction of the amygdaloid bodies of the limbic system.
Knight's Move thinking	a phenomenon similar to derailment of thought or loosening of associations , is characterized by odd, tangential associations between ideas that lead to disruptions in the smooth continuity of speech. The name for this disorder likely derives from the odd movement pattern of knightsin the game of Chess.
Koro	A culture specific syndrome of China involving fear of retraction of penis into abdomen with the belief that this will lead to death.
Korsakoff's Syndrome	A syndrome of amnesia and confabuklation following chronic alcoholism. Short-term memory is particularly affected.Named after the Russian psychiatrist Korsakoff.