I. Siokou-Frangou et al.: Mediterranean plankton
1549
Fig. 6. Spatial distribution of the seven bioprovinces derived from the analysis of the SeaWiFS chl a dataset
(D’Ortenzio and Ribera d’Alcala’, 2009).
79
Fig. 6. Spatial distribution of the seven bioprovinces derived from
the analysis of the SeaWiFS chl a dataset (D’Ortenzio and Rib-
era d’Alcal´a, 2009).
patterns. The first province, mostly concentrated north of
the North Balearic front (no. 5 in the figure), presents a pat-
tern that is typical for temperate areas, but unique for the
MS. This consists of a late winter-spring bloom lasting more
than three months, with a biomass increase up to 6 times the
background values (e.g., Cruzado and Vel´asquez, 1990; L´evy
et al., 1998a,b). Other provinces show a typical subtropical
cycle, with biomass maxima centred in January but extending
from December to early March. The annual range of phyto-
plankton biomass in these provinces is much smaller, with
maxima 2.5 times the background values. These provinces
(nos. 1, 2 and 3) include the EMS, the area across the Alge-
rian coasts, the areas affected by northerly continental winds
(North Adriatic and North Aegean Seas), and areas possi-
bly affected by dust input, mainly represented in the south-
eastern part of the basin. Two provinces (nos. 6 and 7) seem
to be driven by river runoff and continental shelf dynamics.
The last province (no. 4), including, e.g., the South Adri-
atic Sea, the Ionian Sea and the central part of the western
basin, is the most interesting. It apparently combines fea-
tures described for the temperate and subtropical mode: the
autumn bloom, typical of temperate regions, is followed by
a progressive sinking of the thermocline and/or by the subse-
quent vertical transport due to cyclonic or mesoscale frontal
dynamics (D’Ortenzio and Ribera d’Alcal´a, 2009).
The relatively few in situ studies conducted in different
periods of the year in the same area confirm the patterns
obtained from satellite data, showing seasonality in biomass
accumulation and production processes. At the DYFAMED
station in the Ligurian Sea, the only offshore Mediterranean
site investigated regularly over more than a decade, the high-
est values (up to 3 µg l
−
1
) are observed in late winter-early
spring (Vidussi et al., 2001; Marty et al., 2002).
Simi-
larly, high peak values are recorded in the Catalan front
area (ca. 2 µg l
−
1
, Estrada, 1991; Estrada et al., 1993, 1999),
whereas those in the Alboran Sea are still higher (4.3 µg l
−
1
,
Mercado et al., 2005 and 7.9 µg l
−
1
, Arin et al., 2002). No-
tably, the spring peak values were in many cases detected in
deep waters in response to local doming of nutrient-rich wa-
ters, which in the Alboran Sea was forced by the Atlantic cur-
rent (Arin et al., 2002; Mercado et al., 2005). Both a strong
chl a signal in late winter-spring and summer-autumn min-
ima have been detected in many areas, but the values and
ranges are different between the two MS sub-basins. The
maxima in the eastern basin rarely exceed 0.5 µg l
−
1
(Yacobi
et al., 1995; Gotsis-Skretas et al., 1999), and the minima are
as low as 0.003 µg l
−
1
(e.g., Herut et al., 2000). Exceptions
are the peak values of 1.34 µg l
−
1
in the frontal zone of the
North East Aegean Sea in April (Zervoudaki et al., 2007) and
3.07 µg l
−
1
in a small-scale cyclonic area of the North Lev-
antine Sea in March 1992 (Ediger and Yilmaz, 1996). The
South Adriatic and the Ionian Seas show intermediate peak
values (Boldrin et al., 2002; Nincevic et al., 2002). An au-
tumn increase is not generally detected (Psarra et al., 2000;
Marty et al., 2002), although this could be due to the inad-
equate temporal sampling scale. Indeed, a high frequency
study conducted in a NW MS site, relatively close to the long
term DYFAMED station, showed a two to threefold variabil-
ity in bulk phytoplankton parameters (e.g., total chl a and pri-
mary production) over a one-month period in the transition
from summer to autumn 2004 (Andersen et al., 2009; Marty
et al., 2009).
Low sampling frequency could also explain the high inter-
annual variability, often of the same magnitude as the sea-
sonal variability, shown for the Cretan Sea (Psarra et al.,
2000) and for the Alboran Sea (Claustre et al., 1994; Mer-
cado et al., 2005). However, effects of climate variations
have been hypothesized in some areas of the basin which
have been monitored more regularly over the years. For
example, higher winter temperature and low wind intensity
were related to a decrease in biomass in oligotrophic coastal
waters off Corse (Goffart et al., 2002). By contrast, an in-
crease in biomass and production has been reported for the
long-term Ligurian Sea DYFAMED station in recent years,
probably due to more intense winter mixing driven by circu-
lation and winds (Marty, personal communication). At the
basin scale, chl a variability in the MS appears to be related
to the main climatic patterns of the northern hemisphere,
namely, the East Atlantic pattern, the East Atlantic/Western
Russian pattern, the North Atlantic Oscillation, the East At-
lantic Jet and the Mediterranean oscillation (Katara et al.,
2008).
Most of the time, peak chl a values (>2 µg l
−
1
) were found
in subsurface waters. This was the case for the Alboran Sea
(Arin et al., 2002; Mercado et al., 2005), the Catalan-North
Balearic front (Estrada, 1991; Delgado et al., 1992; Estrada
et al., 1999), and for a cyclonic area of the North Levantine
Sea (Ediger and Yilmaz, 1996). The highest value ever mea-
sured in offshore MS (23 µg chl a l
−
1
) was found in a 6 m
thick subsurface layer around 54 m depth in the Almeria-
Oran frontal area in late November 1987 (Gould and Wiesen-
burg, 1990). In addition to these deep biomass accumulations
in very dynamic areas, a deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM),
generally not exceeding 1.5 µg chl a l
−
1
, is a permanent fea-
ture for the whole basin over the entire annual cycle, with
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