JOBR: “2121_c052” — 2006/2/6 — 19:55 — page 11 — #11
Mechanics of Head/Neck
52-11
It has been used in many applications, including the prediction of MTBI for helmeted football players
described earlier. Other less detailed models include those by Kleiven and Hardy [2002], Willinger et al.
[1999], and Takhounts et al. [2003].
A large number of neck and spinal models also have been developed over the past four decades. A paper
by Kleinberger [1993] provides a brief and incomplete review of these models. However, the method
of choice for modeling the response of the neck is the finite-element method, principally because of
the complex geometry of the vertebral components and the interaction of several different materials.
A partially validated model for impact response was developed by Yang et al. [1998] to simulate both
crown impact as well as the whiplash phenomenon due to a rear-end impact.
References
Adams, J.H., Doyle, D., Graham, D.I. et al. 1986. Gliding contusions in nonmissile head injury in humans.
Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 110:485.
Cheng, R., Yang, K.H., Levine, R.S. et al. 1982. Injuries to the cervical spine caused by a distributed frontal
load to the chest. In
Proceedings of the 26th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 1–40.
Deng, B., Begeman, P.C., Yang, K.H. et al. 2000. Kinematics of human cadaver cervical spine during low
speed rear-end impacts.
Stapp Car Crash J. 44: 171–188.
Ewing, C.L., Thomas, D.J., Lustick, L. et al. 1978. Effect of initial position on the human head and
neck response to
+
Y impact acceleration. In
Proceedings of the 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference,
pp. 101–138.
Gadd, C.W. 1961. Criteria for injury potential. In
Impact Acceleration Stress Symposium, National Research
Council Publication No. 977, pp. 141–144. Washington, National Academy of Sciences.
Garfin, S.R. and Rothman, R.H. 1983. Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis (Hangman’s fracture). In
R.W. Baily (Ed.),
The Cervical Spine, pp. 223–232. Philadelphia, PA Lippincott.
Gennarelli, T.A. 1983. Head injuries in man and experimental animals: clinical aspects.
Acta Neurochir.
Suppl. 32: 1.
Hardy, W.N., Khalil, T.B., and King, A.I. 1994. Literature review of head injury biomechanics.
Int. J. Impact
Eng. 15: 561–586.
Hardy, W.N., Foster, C.D., Mason, M.J. et al. 2001. Investigation of head injury mechanisms using neutral
density technology and high-speed biplanar x-ray.
Stapp Car Crash J. 45: 337–368.
Holbourn, A.H.S. 1943. Mechanics of head injury.
Lancet 2: 438.
King, A.I. and Chou, C. 1977. Mathematical modelling, simulation and experimental testing of
biomechanical system crash response.
J. Biomech. 9: 3–10.
King, A.I., Yang, K.H., Zhang, L. et al. 2003. Is head injury caused by linear or angular acceleration? In
Bertil Aldman Lecture, Proceedings of the 2003 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics
of Impact, pp. 1–12.
Kleinberger, M. 1993. Application of finite element techniques to the study of cervical spine mechanics.
In
Proceedings of the 37th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 261–272.
Kleiven, S. and Hardy, W.N. 2002. Correlation of an FE model of the human head with experiments on
localized motion of the brain — consequences for injury prediction.
Stapp Car Crash J. 46: 123–144.
Lighthall, J.W., Goshgarian, H.G., and Pinderski, C.R. 1990. Characterization of axonal injury produced
by controlled cortical impact.
J. Neurotrauma 7(2): 65.
Lissner, H.R., Lebow, M., and Evans F.G. 1960. Experimental studies on the relation between acceleration
and intracranial pressure changes in man.
Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 111: 329.
Margulies, S.S., Thibault, L.E., and Gennarelli, T.A. 1990. Physical model simulation of brain injury in the
primate.
J. Biomech. 23: 823.
Mertz, H.J. and Patrick, L.M. 1967. Investigation of the kinematics and kinetics of whiplash. In
Proceedings
Dostları ilə paylaş: