Boosting Students’ Academic Performance: Trait-State Model of Academic Achievements in Higher Education



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Table 1.



Means, standard deviations, Cronbach’s alpha (in parentheses) and correlation coefficients of the study variables.

Variable

X

SD

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

1. Ex

58.01

15.32

(-)























































2. Cw

61.58

11.10

.615**

(-)




















































3. Past Ex

59.20

15.11

.640**

.524**

(-)

















































4. Past Cw

62.12

11.23

.587**

.552**

.602**

(-)














































5. Deep

3.00

0.55

.036

.051

.031

.035

(.76)











































6. Strategic

2.97

0.64

.226**

.193**

.225**

.235**

.509**

(.81)








































7. Surface

2.31

0.61

-.243**

-.229**

-.205**

-.181**

-.145**

-.384**

(.72)





































8. PA

3.64

0.76

.142**

.178**

.076

.121**

.441**

.608**

-.365**

(.8)


































9. NA

2.10

0.82

-.159**

-.135**

-.114*

-.105*

-.090*

-.213**

.45**

-.099*

(.8)































10. UCCS

3.66

0.71

.118*

.216**

.098*

.141**

.549**

.473**

-.206**

.484**

-.113*

(.83)




























11. EVAN

4.10

1.03

-.134**

-.109*

-.145**

-.061

-.205**

-.25**

.518**

-.200**

.458**

-.230**

(.83)

























12. IM

2.88

0.45

.096*

.161**

.100*

.132**

.491**

.378**

-.297**

.450**

-.154**

-.287**

.568**

(.81)






















13. EM

2.65

0.40

.094*

.175**

.104*

.156**

.128**

.14**

.075

.169**

.143**

.292**

.162**

.113*

(.68)



















14. AM 2

2.48

0.65

.063

.121**

.093*

.080

.276**

.352**

-.346**

.330**

-.277**

-.414**

.416**

.423**

-.085

(.79)
















15. AM 3

2.70

0.67

.171**

.192**

.201**

.158**

.273**

.452**

-.385**

.432**

-.293**

-.336**

.465**

.432**

.038

.705**

(.85)













16. MM 1

2.02

0.75

.031

.048

-.008

.021

.067

.006

.147**

.073

.195**

.142**

.083

.078

.196**

.053

.108*

(.89)










17. MM 2

2.12

0.79

-.073

-.061

.051

-.057

-.011

-.148**

.365**

-.131**

.499**

.372**

-.060

-.106*

.163**

-.280**

-.270**

.313**

(.85)







18. MM 3

1.90

0.69

-.085*

-.060

-.060

-.043

-.100*

-.265**

.381**

-.224**

.306**

.353**

-.087*

-.135**

.081

-.221**

-.228**

.216**

.500**

(.83)




19. MM 4

2.04

0.66

-.126**

-.058

-.167**

-.083

.051

-.064

.153**

-.047

.229**

.140**

.088*

.067

.234**

.072

.012

.313**

.441**

.386**

(.73)


Notes. n = 373; “-“ means that the corresponding statistic cannot be estimated; Ex – semester examination Grade Point Average; Cw – semester coursework Grade Point Average; Past Ex – past semester examination Grade Point Average; Past Cw – past semester coursework Grade Point Average; Deep – deep approach to studying; Strategic – strategic approach to studying; Surface – surface approach to studying; PA – positive affect; NA – negative affect; EVAN – evaluation anxiety; UCCS – use of creative cognition scale; IM – intrinsic motivation; EM – extrinsic motivation; AM – adaptive metacognition; MM – maladaptive metacognition.

* p < .05 (1-tailed), ** p < .01 (1-tailed).



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