Chapter 5 – Section 1 Notes
The Rise of Rome
Learning Objectives – The students will be able to:
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Summarize the main causes for the rise of Rome
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Document the similarities between the Roman Law of Nations and American Civil Law
Reasons Rome was and Ideal Place to Build an Empire
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Centrally located in the Mediterranean
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Built on 7 hills = easily defended
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Located on the Tiber River=safe from sea attack, but crossing point for traffic
Greeks settled in Southern Italy
Etruscans - North of Rome (Kings of Early Rome)
The Roman Republic
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509 BC - Romans overthrow Etruscan kings and create a Republic
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New era in Roman history begins
War and Conquest
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Rome engaged in continuous warfare for almost 200 years
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They took control over all of Italy – including Greece
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Roman Confederation
Why was Rome Successful?
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Good Diplomats
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Excelled in military matters – brilliant strategists
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Practical in law and conquest
Government of Rome
Early Rome was divided into two groups:
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Patricians – land owners; ruling class
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Plebeians – less wealthy landholders, craftspeople, merchants, and farmers
CEOs of the Republic
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Consuls – two men chosen each year to run the government & lead the army to battle
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Praetors – in charge of civil law
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Senate – 300 patricians who served for life
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Centuriate Assembly – elected chief officials & passed laws
Struggle between the Classes
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Patricians vs. Plebeians
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Council of the plebs
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Tribunes of the plebs
Peace brought about by The Twelve Tables
Law of Nations
Included principles such as:
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Innocent until proven otherwise
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Accused allowed to defend self
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Judge expected to weigh evidence
Punic Wars
Rome vs. Carthage
Battle for control of trade in the Western Mediterranean
First Punic War
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264 - 241 B.C.
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Began when Rome sent an army to Sicily
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Rome created a naval fleet
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Rome wins & gets Sicily
Second Punic War
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Hannibal invades Italy from Spain
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Crosses the Alps with elephants, horses, & an army of 46,000
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Hannibal spends 10 years in Italy, but no victory: Romans wouldn’t leave the cities
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Romans sent troops to Spain & pushed the Carthaginians out
Rome Wins
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Hannibal forced to return to Spain--defeated at Zama in 202 BC
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Spain becomes a Roman province
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Rome is the dominant power
Third Punic War
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50 years later
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Rome attacks Carthage out of spite
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Carthage burned
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Rome establishes its empire & now rules the Mediterranean
Chapter 5 – Section 2
From Republic to Empire
Learning Objectives – The students will be able to:
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Summarize the main causes for the rise of the Roman Empire.
Triumvirate – Government by three people with equal power
The 1st Triumvirate
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Caesar – had military command in Spain
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Crassus – Richest man in Rome
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Pompey – famous General & military hero
Julius Caesar marches on Rome causing a civil war & becomes dictator
Caesar becomes a Great General
Caesar was the first Roman to have his likeness on a coin in his lifetime
Cleopatra
The 2nd Triumvirate
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Octavian – Caesar's heir & grand nephew
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Antony – Caesar’s ally
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Lepidus – Commander of Caesar's cavalry
Mark Antony Gets Eastern Rome
Octavian Takes Western Rome
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Anthony allies with Cleopatra
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Octavian defeats them at Actium
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Anthony & Cleopatra commit suicide – pg. 158
Age of Augustus
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Octavian ruled the world at age 32
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Proclaimed the “restoration of the republic”
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Became the 1st Roman Emperor
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Senate gave him the title Augustus – “the revered one”
Four emperors after Augustus became more powerful & corrupt
Pax Romana
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Period of 5 good emporers
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“Roman Peace”
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Empire expanded
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Lots of trade = more money
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Latifundia
Chapter 5 – Section 3
Culture & Society in the Roman World
Learning Objectives – The students will be able to:
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Give examples of important technological advances.
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Analyze the roles of males and females in Roman society.
Greco-Roman Culture
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Romans preserved and added onto Greek Culture--became the basis of European (and American) Culture
Architecture & Engineering
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First to build with concrete on a massive scale
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Constructed roads, bridges, & aqueducts
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Forms based on curved lines
Roman Literature
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Augustan Age = the golden age of Latin literature
Virgil - The Aeneid
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Written in honor of Rome
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Aeneas is portrayed as the ideal Roman
Latin
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Remained the language of learning and of the Church
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Base for Romance Languages
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Evolved into Romance languages: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Romanian
Roman Family
Men
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Strong father figure
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Paterfamilias
Education
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All upper-class children expected to learn to read
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Boys learned reading, writing, moral principles, physical training
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Father required to provide the education for the children
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Used Greek slaves as teachers
Women
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Females weak & needed male guardian
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Legal age to marry 12
Changing Roles
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Paterfamilias lost power over time
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Upper class women could own property & attend social events
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Could not participate in politics, but influenced through their husbands
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Either husband or wife could divorce
Slavery
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Relied heavily on slave labor
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Spartacus: led revolt of 70,000 slaves, many gladiators
Living Conditions
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Overcrowded, noise city – traffic banned during the day
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Insulae – apartment blocks in which the poor lived – often caught on fire
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High rent forced families to live in one room
Bread and Circuses
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Cities filled with the poor
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Danger of Revolution
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Free food & entertainment
Circus Maximus
Chariot races
Chapter 5 – Section 4
The Development of Christianity
Learning Objectives – The students will be able to:
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Explain the origins, beliefs, and the spread of Christianity.
By A.D. 6 Judea was under Roman rule
Jews disagreed on Roman rule
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Sadducees – favored cooperation with Rome
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Pharisees – felt that close observance of religious law would protect the Jewish identity from Roman influence
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Essenes – lived apart from society waiting for God to save Israel from oppression
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Zealots – wanted violent overthrow of the government
Rise of Christianity – JESUS:
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Began preaching at 30
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Jew seeking reform
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Preaching = controversy
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Saw Jesus as a potential revolutionary
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Opponents turned him over to Roman authorities
Pontius Pilate orders Jesus’ crucifixion & washes his hands of blame
Executed in AD 29 for challenging the authority of Rome
Jesus’ Followers Believed:
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He rose from the dead
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He was the messiah who would deliver Israel from its foes & lead them to a new kingdom
Apostle Peter takes Christianity to Rome
Paul (educated Jewish-Roman citizen) joins the movement
New Testament
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Personal writings about Jesus were put together to create the second half of the Christian Bible
Jewish Rebellion
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A.D. 66
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Rome crushes the rebellion
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Jewish temple destroyed
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Rome crushes rebellion
Roman Persecution of Christians
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Nero first Emperor to persecute
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Persecution only increased the growth of Christianity
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Forced it to become more organized
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Separation between clergy & laity
Why did Christianity attract so many followers?
By 4th Century A.D. Christianity was too strong to be stopped by force
Constantine was the 1st Christian emperor
Edict of Milan
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Proclaimed official tolerance of Christianity
Theodosius the Great
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Adopted Christianity as the official religion of Rome
Chapter 5 – Section 5
Decline and Fall
Learning Objectives – The students will be able to:
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Summarize the main causes for the fall of the Roman Empire.
Reason for the Decline
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Invasions
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Civil War
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Plague
Diocletion (284-305 AD) and Constantine (306-337 AD)
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Divided empire into 4 parts
Moved the Capital to Byzantium, renamed it Constantinople
The reforms of Diocletian & Constantine
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Strengthened the administrative bureaucracies
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Enlarged the army
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Set wage & price controls to fight inflation
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Forced people to remain in their designated jobs
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Their reforms were based on control
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Temporarily successful
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In the long run they stifled the vitality of the Late Roman Empire
Barbarian Invasions
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Huns – from Asia; moved into eastern Europe & put pressure on the Visigoths
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Visigoths – Germanic; moved south & west into Roman territory
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Vandals – poured into southern Spain & Africa
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Visigoths first to sack Rome in 410
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Vandals sack Rome in 455
Western Roman Empire Falls
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476
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Romulus Augustulus was removed from office by the Germanic head of the army
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Constantinople & the Eastern Empire lasts another 1000 years
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