Chapter – Section Notes



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Chapter 5 – Section 1 Notes
The Rise of Rome

Learning Objectives – The students will be able to:

  • Summarize the main causes for the rise of Rome

  • Document the similarities between the Roman Law of Nations and American Civil Law


Reasons Rome was and Ideal Place to Build an Empire

  • Centrally located in the Mediterranean

  • Built on 7 hills = easily defended

  • Located on the Tiber River=safe from sea attack, but crossing point for traffic

Greeks settled in Southern Italy

Etruscans - North of Rome (Kings of Early Rome)
The Roman Republic


  • 509 BC - Romans overthrow Etruscan kings and create a Republic

  • New era in Roman history begins


War and Conquest

  • Rome engaged in continuous warfare for almost 200 years

  • They took control over all of Italy – including Greece

  • Roman Confederation


Why was Rome Successful?

  • Good Diplomats

  • Excelled in military matters – brilliant strategists

  • Practical in law and conquest

Government of Rome
Early Rome was divided into two groups:

  • Patricians – land owners; ruling class

  • Plebeians – less wealthy landholders, craftspeople, merchants, and farmers


CEOs of the Republic

  • Consuls – two men chosen each year to run the government & lead the army to battle

  • Praetors – in charge of civil law

  • Senate – 300 patricians who served for life

  • Centuriate Assembly – elected chief officials & passed laws


Struggle between the Classes

  • Patricians vs. Plebeians

  • Council of the plebs

  • Tribunes of the plebs



Peace brought about by The Twelve Tables


Law of Nations

Included principles such as:



  • Innocent until proven otherwise

  • Accused allowed to defend self

  • Judge expected to weigh evidence



Punic Wars
Rome vs. Carthage

Battle for control of trade in the Western Mediterranean


First Punic War

  • 264 - 241 B.C.

  • Began when Rome sent an army to Sicily

  • Rome created a naval fleet

  • Rome wins & gets Sicily


Second Punic War

  • Hannibal invades Italy from Spain

  • Crosses the Alps with elephants, horses, & an army of 46,000

  • Hannibal spends 10 years in Italy, but no victory: Romans wouldn’t leave the cities

  • Romans sent troops to Spain & pushed the Carthaginians out


Rome Wins

  • Hannibal forced to return to Spain--defeated at Zama in 202 BC

  • Spain becomes a Roman province

  • Rome is the dominant power


Third Punic War

  • 50 years later

  • Rome attacks Carthage out of spite

  • Carthage burned

  • Rome establishes its empire & now rules the Mediterranean

Chapter 5 – Section 2



From Republic to Empire
Learning Objectives – The students will be able to:

  • Summarize the main causes for the rise of the Roman Empire.


Triumvirate – Government by three people with equal power
The 1st Triumvirate

  • Caesar – had military command in Spain

  • Crassus – Richest man in Rome

  • Pompey – famous General & military hero

Julius Caesar marches on Rome causing a civil war & becomes dictator


Caesar becomes a Great General
Caesar was the first Roman to have his likeness on a coin in his lifetime
Cleopatra
The 2nd Triumvirate

  • Octavian – Caesar's heir & grand nephew

  • Antony – Caesar’s ally

  • Lepidus – Commander of Caesar's cavalry

Mark Antony Gets Eastern Rome


Octavian Takes Western Rome


  • Anthony allies with Cleopatra

  • Octavian defeats them at Actium

  • Anthony & Cleopatra commit suicide – pg. 158


Age of Augustus

  • Octavian ruled the world at age 32

  • Proclaimed the “restoration of the republic”

  • Became the 1st Roman Emperor

  • Senate gave him the title Augustus – “the revered one”

Four emperors after Augustus became more powerful & corrupt


Pax Romana

  • Period of 5 good emporers

  • “Roman Peace”

  • Empire expanded

  • Lots of trade = more money

  • Latifundia

Chapter 5 – Section 3



Culture & Society in the Roman World
Learning Objectives – The students will be able to:

  • Give examples of important technological advances.

  • Analyze the roles of males and females in Roman society.


Greco-Roman Culture

  • Romans preserved and added onto Greek Culture--became the basis of European (and American) Culture


Architecture & Engineering

  • First to build with concrete on a massive scale

  • Constructed roads, bridges, & aqueducts

  • Forms based on curved lines

    • Arch

    • Vault

    • Dome


Roman Literature

      • Augustan Age = the golden age of Latin literature


Virgil - The Aeneid

      • Written in honor of Rome

      • Aeneas is portrayed as the ideal Roman


Latin

  • Remained the language of learning and of the Church

  • Base for Romance Languages

  • Evolved into Romance languages: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Romanian


Roman Family
Men

  • Strong father figure

  • Paterfamilias



Education

  • All upper-class children expected to learn to read

  • Boys learned reading, writing, moral principles, physical training

  • Father required to provide the education for the children

  • Used Greek slaves as teachers


Women

  • Females weak & needed male guardian

  • Legal age to marry 12


Changing Roles

  • Paterfamilias lost power over time

  • Upper class women could own property & attend social events

  • Could not participate in politics, but influenced through their husbands

  • Either husband or wife could divorce


Slavery

  • Relied heavily on slave labor

  • Spartacus: led revolt of 70,000 slaves, many gladiators


Living Conditions

  • Overcrowded, noise city – traffic banned during the day

  • Insulae – apartment blocks in which the poor lived – often caught on fire

  • High rent forced families to live in one room


Bread and Circuses

  • Cities filled with the poor

  • Danger of Revolution

  • Free food & entertainment


Circus Maximus
Chariot races
Chapter 5 – Section 4
The Development of Christianity

Learning Objectives – The students will be able to:

  • Explain the origins, beliefs, and the spread of Christianity.

By A.D. 6 Judea was under Roman rule



Jews disagreed on Roman rule

  • Sadducees – favored cooperation with Rome

  • Pharisees – felt that close observance of religious law would protect the Jewish identity from Roman influence

  • Essenes – lived apart from society waiting for God to save Israel from oppression

  • Zealots – wanted violent overthrow of the government


Rise of Christianity – JESUS:

  • Began preaching at 30

  • Jew seeking reform

  • Preaching = controversy

  • Saw Jesus as a potential revolutionary

  • Opponents turned him over to Roman authorities

Pontius Pilate orders Jesus’ crucifixion & washes his hands of blame


Executed in AD 29 for challenging the authority of Rome
Jesus’ Followers Believed:

  • He rose from the dead

  • He was the messiah who would deliver Israel from its foes & lead them to a new kingdom

Apostle Peter takes Christianity to Rome



Paul (educated Jewish-Roman citizen) joins the movement
New Testament

  • Personal writings about Jesus were put together to create the second half of the Christian Bible


Jewish Rebellion

  • A.D. 66

  • Rome crushes the rebellion

  • Jewish temple destroyed

  • Rome crushes rebellion


Roman Persecution of Christians

  • Nero first Emperor to persecute

  • Persecution only increased the growth of Christianity

  • Forced it to become more organized

    • Separation between clergy & laity


Why did Christianity attract so many followers?


By 4th Century A.D. Christianity was too strong to be stopped by force
Constantine was the 1st Christian emperor
Edict of Milan

  • Proclaimed official tolerance of Christianity


Theodosius the Great

  • Adopted Christianity as the official religion of Rome


Chapter 5 – Section 5
Decline and Fall
Learning Objectives – The students will be able to:

  • Summarize the main causes for the fall of the Roman Empire.


Reason for the Decline

  • Invasions

  • Civil War

  • Plague


Diocletion (284-305 AD) and Constantine (306-337 AD)

  • Divided empire into 4 parts


Moved the Capital to Byzantium, renamed it Constantinople
The reforms of Diocletian & Constantine

  • Strengthened the administrative bureaucracies

  • Enlarged the army

  • Set wage & price controls to fight inflation

  • Forced people to remain in their designated jobs

  • Their reforms were based on control

  • Temporarily successful

  • In the long run they stifled the vitality of the Late Roman Empire


Barbarian Invasions

  • Huns – from Asia; moved into eastern Europe & put pressure on the Visigoths

  • Visigoths – Germanic; moved south & west into Roman territory

  • Vandals – poured into southern Spain & Africa

  • Visigoths first to sack Rome in 410

  • Vandals sack Rome in 455


Western Roman Empire Falls

  • 476

  • Romulus Augustulus was removed from office by the Germanic head of the army

  • Constantinople & the Eastern Empire lasts another 1000 years

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