Civil dimension



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Civil Dimension

of Security

141 CCDG 03 E rev. 1

Original: French



NATO Parliamentary Assembly

SUB-COMMITTEE ON

DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE

ORGANISED CRIME – DRUG AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN EUROPE
Report

Christine BOUTIN (France)

Rapporteur

International Secretariat 9 November 2003


Assembly documents are available on its website, http://www.nato-pa.int

TABLE OF CONTENTS


Page



INTRODUCTION 1




A.PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANISED CRIME 2

  1. EXPLANATORY FACTORS 2

  2. THE PRINCIPAL TARGETS OF ORGANISED CRIME 4



B.DRUG TRAFFICKING AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN EUROPE 10

  1. THE PRINCIPAL NETWORKS 10

  2. DRUG TRAFFICKING, AN OVERVIEW 11

  3. HUMAN TRAFFICKING, AN OUTLINE 14


CONCLUSION 17

INTRODUCTION

1. Organised crime is a complex concept that is difficult to grasp and lends itself to many definitions, legal, "criminological" or sociological. The International Secretariat of INTERPOL was the first to define organised crime, at the International Colloquium on Organised Crime held in Saint-Cloud (France) in May 1988, as "any association or group of persons engaging in a continuing illegal activity whose [aim] is to make profits without regard for national frontiers". The United Nations define it as “(…) a structured group of three or more persons, existing for a period of time and acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crimes or offences (…), in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit”.


2. The large number of definitions – the European Union (EU) and the Council of Europe have also applied themselves to the task – might lead one to question their value and purpose. From a pragmatic viewpoint, however, these definitions give practitioners applying the criminal law (policemen, judges) the opportunity to appreciate and make clear the many-faceted nature of the new crimes.
3. Organised crime has grown considerably during the past decade, both in quantity (increased acts of violence and intimidation, cases of fraud and corruption, illegal trafficking and recycling of its products, etc.) and quality (professionalisation, rationalisation and internationalisation of networks). It has benefited greatly from the globalisation of trade and finance, as well as from the mobility of persons and property, the development of instantaneous communication, the new interdependence of nations, the opening up, not to say abandonment, of national frontiers and a measure of loss of sovereignty of States over their own territory. In Europe in particular the fall of the "iron curtain" has provided the opportunities to fill the vacuums left in the East by States in the process of radical transformation, while the increase in the rate of European construction has encouraged fraud of all kinds to the detriment of the Community.
4. Organised crime, a subject of grave political concern in the mid-1990s (see the reports of governmental enquiries at the centre of parliamentary discussions in Germany, Italy, France and Switzerland), seems to arouse less intense interest today, since the tragic events of 11 September 2001 and the extensive media coverage of the war against terrorism, the conflict in Iraq and its consequences claim all the leaders’ attention.


  1. With the prospect – now imminent – of enlargement of the EU and of its Schengen area, and in accordance with the wishes expressed by members of the Sub-Committee in Istanbul, your Rapporteur thinks it necessary to give a broad outline of organised crime. In so doing she will pick up the thread of the work done in 1995 and 1996 by the President of the SubCommittee on Civilian Security and Cooperation, Lord Lucas of Chilworth, and will follow up the study on the mafiya in the report by Volker Kröning: Russian Federation: assessment of the internal situation [AV 175 CC/DG (02) 3]. In this respect your Rapporteur is of the opinion that the topic should be pursued, and next year there should be a more closely targeted investigation in greater depth into organised crime (for example, into the link between organised crime – drug trafficking in particular – and terrorism).

6. In the first part of this report your Rapporteur will summarise the characteristics of organised crime. In the second and last part of this report, she will focus on the two most "promising" markets at present in European countries, namely drug trafficking and human trafficking.




  1. PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANISED CRIME

7. Delegates will recall that the development of organised crime was due in part to the Black Market during the Second World War and that the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in the 1970s, and the explosion in drug use after the Vietnam war, encouraged expansion of the networks, which the break-up of the Soviet Union and the proliferation of regional conflicts (in Transdniestria, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Chechnya, the former Yugoslavia, etc.) have helped to internationalise.


8. Today combating this often elusive threat, whose destabilising effects extend to all areas (social, political and economic), is proving extremely difficult because of the secretive organisation of the rings and their enormous financial power. In your Rapporteur’s view, this peril is now alarming in its extent and calls for serious attention and an in-depth knowledge of these labyrinthine "parallel economies". This first chapter will therefore tackle explanatory factors for this underground crime and the principal targets of attack by mafia groups.


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