Climate Change Adaptation: Traditional Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples Inhabiting the Arctic and Far North Marine Hunters of Chukotka
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Marine Hunters of Chukotka
- Description of the Region of the Bering Strait and Eastern Chukotka General Information
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1 Climate Change Adaptation: Traditional Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples Inhabiting the Arctic and Far North Marine Hunters of Chukotka Marine Hunters of Chukotka Introduction .................................................................................................................. 2 Description of the Region of the Bering Strait and Eastern Chukotka ..................................... 2 General Information .................................................................................................................... 2 Natural Complexes ..................................................................................................................... 3 Terrestrial Landscapes ................................................................................................................ 4 Ice Scapes ................................................................................................................................... 4 Local Cultures of Eastern Chukotka ................................................................................. 5 Indigenous Peoples and Marine Hunting Сulture ................................................................ 6 Yupik/Asiatic Eskimo ................................................................................................................. 7 Coastal (Maritime) Chukchi ....................................................................................................... 7 Hunters and reindeer herders ...................................................................................................... 7 The People Who Live Facing the Sea ......................................................................................... 8 Wildlife and Traditional Use of Resources ....................................................................... 10 Sea mammals ............................................................................................................................ 10 The Polar Bear .......................................................................................................................... 12 Land Animals ............................................................................................................................ 12 Sacred Animals ......................................................................................................................... 13 Fish and the Invertebrates ......................................................................................................... 13 Birds .......................................................................................................................................... 14 Plants ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Hunting Gear .............................................................................................................. 14 Traditional Weapons and Personal Gear .................................................................................. 14 Clothing .................................................................................................................................... 15 Means of Transportation ............................................................................................... 15 Boats and Dog Sleds ................................................................................................................. 15 Skin-boat ................................................................................................................................... 15 Whaleboats and Aluminum Boats ............................................................................................ 16 Sled Dogs .................................................................................................................................. 16 Walrus Hunting ........................................................................................................... 16 Whaling ..................................................................................................................... 17 Spiritual and Cultural Traditions .................................................................................... 17 Sacred Bones and Rocks ........................................................................................................... 17 Traditions in the Modern Life ........................................................................................ 18 Chukotka Residents Talk about Climate Change ............................................................... 20 Sources
...................................................................................................................... 23 About Authors ............................................................................................................ 25
2 Climate Change Adaptation: Traditional Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples Inhabiting the Arctic and Far North Marine Hunters of Chukotka Introduction More than four thousand years ago, two maritime cultures of the Arctic, the Scandinavian coastal hunters (Pomors, in Russian) of the northern Atlantic and the Eskimo of the northern Pacific, were formed and began to successfully develop at the places where those two great oceans joined the Arctic Ocean. They emerged almost simultaneously but developed independently of one another. Both cultures eventually spread along the Arctic shores. The Scandinavian hunters spread to the west, all the way to Iceland, and later, as far as Greenland. Their Russian branch (the Pomors) spread to the east, along the Arctic shore of Eurasia, where it mixed with the coastal cultures of the indigenous peoples of the Russian Arctic and northwest Siberia. The Eskimo culture from the Bering Strait region primarily spread to the east and gradually occupied all of the Arctic regions of North America (including the Canadian Arctic Archipelago) and Greenland, replacing and partly merging with the sea culture of the Scandinavians. The Asian branch of the sea mammal hunting culture of the Bering Strait is a fairly distinctive part of the general whale-, walrus-, and seal hunting culture, the most northern aboriginal culture of the world. Over many centuries both cultures created their own unique subsistence systems. It is important to note that each of these sea cultures was formed by people of different origin (ethnogenesis), speaking languages that belong to different language families. Both Arctic cultures exist in present-day Russia. The western sector of the Arctic hosts the complex sea culture of the Barents and White Sea Pomors. The eastern sector is the region hosting the sea mammal hunting culture of the Asiatic Eskimo (Yupik) and coastal Chukchi of Chukotka. We shall discuss this particular culture further.
Today the place where the Pacific and the Arctic Oceans meet at the Bering Strait that divides the continents of Asia and North America looks as shown in the picture. However, it was not always this way. Over the last one million years northeast Asia and North America were repeatedly joined at this point by a land bridge. This peculiar territory, now partially covered by sea, was given the Yüklə 357,72 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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