3
Climate Change Adaptation: Traditional Knowledge of
Indigenous Peoples Inhabiting the Arctic and Far North
Marine Hunters of Chukotka
scientific name, Beringia. Eighteen thousand years ago the land bridge was more
than a thousand kilometers wide and divided the Pacific and Arctic Oceans, whose
water level then was ninety meters lower than at present.
Climate warming and the rise of the ocean level began around fourteen thousand
years ago, and the sea gradually submerged the central part of the land bridge.
Only a few islands were left in the northern part of the Bering Sea. That is how the
Bering Strait and its surrounding maritime areas were formed. The Asian region of
Beringia, or the coastal territories and maritime regions of the western part of the
Bering Sea, is commonly named “Russian Beringia.”
The width of the Bering Strait at its narrowest point, between Cape Dezhnev in
Chukotka and Cape Prince of Wales in Alaska, is only eighty five kilometers.
There are two islands in the middle of the Strait: the Big Diomede Island (or
Ratmanov Island) belongs to Russia, while the Little Diomede Island belongs to
Alaska, the northernmost state of the United States. The Bering Strait was first
passed by the expedition of Semyon Dezhnev and Fedot Popov in 1648, and then
later during the voyage of Vitus Bering in 1728. The American shore of the Strait
was discovered by the Russian expedition under Ivan Fyodorov and Mikhail
Gvozdev in 1732.
The unique geographical position of the Bering Strait at the juncture of two
continents and two oceans makes it a unique migration corridor for land and water
species from different regions of our planet. Generally speaking the natural
complexes of the Bering Strait create a unique biosphere reserve that influences
many processes and phenomena on the Earth.
Natural Complexes
The results of biological research over the last fifty years show that the Chukotka
Peninsula and its surrounding waters are unique due to the unusually high level of
biodiversity and productivity in the sea and adjacent ecosystems. That particular
feature was the basis for the origin and development of the Eskimo and Chukchi
marine hunting culture in this region.
At present the sea mammal hunting culture exists in the Asian part of Russia on the
shores of eastern Chukotka. The coastal indigenous peoples of the Koryak and
Kamchatka regions further south have only partly retained its characteristic
features, mostly in the form of subsistence-based hunting and the legends
supported by historical and archaeological data.
4
Climate Change Adaptation: Traditional Knowledge of
Indigenous Peoples Inhabiting the Arctic and Far North
Marine Hunters of Chukotka
Terrestrial Landscapes
Eastern Chukotka is a coastal territory with medium altitude mountains and diverse
landscapes, noticeably isolated from mainland Chukotka. Its geological formations
are represented by different age structures from the ancient Archaic rocks to
Quaternary deposits.
The intensive geological life of eastern Chukotka continues to this day as
evidenced by frequent earthquakes, the large number of radon springs, and the
fairly rapid erosion of the shoreline into the sea.
Ice Scapes
Every year in the fall, the coastal icescape, a unique natural ecological system,
begins to form along the shores of the Arctic seas. The life of numerous biological
species – invertebrates, fish, birds, and ice-associated animals such as the polar
bears, seals, walrus, and whales – is dependent upon it.
A unique cultural icescape is formed in places where over many centuries people
(in this case the Eskimo and the Chukchi) use the ice for hunting and traveling .
Special place names, traditional knowledge, persistent landmarks, and even visible
traces of human activity are tied to the icescape.
Such cultural icescape are unique because they disappear with the melting of the
ice during the spring and summer seasons and then return again next winter. This
cycle has repeated for many centuries. From generation to generation, the cultural
icescape created under the influence of the powerful natural processes is sustained
by fragile forces of people’s memory, distinctive types of activities, and the
continuity of cultural knowledge. With the loss of these, the landscape once more
would become an endless ice desert. Without human presence the frozen sea
covered with ice ridges is just a “wild ice”.
The cultural icescape is a unique natural and cultural phenomenon. It is also a
world asset created and preserved by the knowledge, experience, and perseverance
of the indigenous peoples living along the shores of the “icy” sea. For the residents
of the seasonally frozen polar seas the shoreline ice has never been an impassable
barrier. On the contrary, like an ocean for seafarers, it connected local
communities, creating a convenient surface for hunting, transportation, fast
communication, and cultural exchange between the neighboring and distant
settlements.