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Climate Change Adaptation: Traditional Knowledge of
Indigenous Peoples Inhabiting the Arctic and Far North
Marine Hunters of Chukotka
departing animal must retain all of its bones so that it could regrow the meat on
them later. For this reason sea mammals were traditionally cut at the natural joints.
The skulls, which were considered the place for animal souls, even in the twentieth
century, were arranged into sacred lines, rings, and piles.
Every ancient or old traditional settlement in Chukotka once had a system of cult
structures built of whale bones, walrus and polar bear skulls, and stones.
The skulls and lower jaws of bowhead whales were especially worshipped.
According to Leonid Kutylin the skulls and jaws of whales were set up “so that the
ancestors could see how well we remember them, and how well we observe the
traditions”. The elders loved to sit near them because, according to traditional
beliefs, the bowhead whale, more than any other animal, helps to ponder about the
past while at the same time giving spiritual strength to look into the future.
The most well-known monument of the sea mammal hunting culture is the “Whale
Alley”, built out of the lower jaws and skulls of bowhead whales and discovered in
1976 by ethnographer M. A. Chlenov on the island of Ittygran.
Vertically-erected sacred stones are an essential attribute of the ancient settlements.
Their height ranges from thirty centimeters to a meter and higher. The areas of
erected sacred stones could not be visited casually. The people would go there only
to conduct rituals that are no longer practiced today.
Another kind of objects of worship was a natural stone sculpture that had an
unusual form. For instance, rocks that had a human or naturally-formed vertical or
cone-shaped form at the Chukotsky Cape (they are called Yuwagyt in Yupik, which
means little people), or the strangely shaped rocks on the top of the Kriguigun
Cape that divides two bays, the Lavrentiya Bay and the Mechigmen Bay.
The most mysterious construction of the Chukotka Peninsula is a wide field of
man-made piles of small rocks surrounded by a low (around 30–40 cm) single-row
stone wall. It is located near the abandoned village of Singak.
Traditions in the Modern Life
What is the culture of sea mammal hunters like today? What have they retained
from the traditional rituals of their ancestors?
One of the old rituals still retained today is the ceremony of feeding the spirits
when arriving to a new and unfamiliar place. People usually start a small fire and
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Climate Change Adaptation: Traditional Knowledge of
Indigenous Peoples Inhabiting the Arctic and Far North
Marine Hunters of Chukotka
throw in the “food for the spirits” from the unopened packs of sugar, tea, and
crackers. Only afterwards can people picnic, hunt or settle in a new place.
Families with elderly family members still retain their family festivals and rituals,
but usually conduct them inside their own small family circle.
Several villages have reinstated certain community festivals. For instance, the
Festival of the First Whale was brought back in the 1980s in some Chukotka
communities, to which the state-run catcher-boat Zvesdnyi used to deliver captured
gray whales. At first the residents did not consider this a real festival, because they
did not hunt grey whales. However, all hunters had great respect for Leonard
M. Votrogov, the captain of Zvesdnyi and that feeling of respect helped promote
the festival in Chukotka.
All women of the older generation, regardless of their profession, are skilled
seamstresses and craftsmen. All of them can sew shirts, boots, fur slippers, and
much more.
The unique ivory-carving art of the Eskimo and the Chukchi that is, now famous
all over the world, evolved from the tradition of engraving and carving ivory and
bone, evident for thousands of years in the ritually ornamented ivory and bone
objects and small sculptured wood of hunting gear details.
It is important to note that the Yupik (Asiatic Eskimo) and coastal Chukchi are
very different in their origin, and their languages belong to different and unrelated
language families. However, throughout the centuries these two peoples created a
unified culture of marine hunting based on the ancient Eskimo culture of the
Bering Strait. For many centuries the Eskimo and coastal Chukchi have mutually
enriched their cultures with knowledge of nature, cultural traditions, and spiritual
practice. Neither of the two peoples strives for dominance or tries to suppress the
culture and language of its neighbors.
In the past there was a special connection between the people at sea (the hunters)
and those staying on the shore (the families of the hunters and other village
residents). Lyudmila Ainana says about this tradition:
Those who left for the sea are connected to those who stayed on the shore.
For this reason the people on the shore need to behave correctly and most
importantly need to wait. We didn’t begin eating our supper until the hunters
came back from the sea. Our elders sat at special places and watched the sea
in order to give us a sign of the hunters’ return. The whole settlement would