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Dates of Birth and Death: (∗) 11 March 1822 in Paris, France (†) 5 April 1900 in Paris, France Family Data: Joseph Louis Fran¸cois’ father was Alexandre Jacques Fran¸cois Bertrand, who wrote popular books on science, the mother was Marie Caroline Belin. Dur- ing his studies at the ´ Ecole Polytechnique, the father had got to know Jean- Marie Duhamel (1797-1872), who married Alexandre’s younger sister Louise. After the prematured death of the father, Joseph was educated by Duhamel for a period of several years. In 1844 Joseph Bertrand married Louise Celine Aclocque. Their sons Marcel Alexandre (born in 1847), Joseph D´esir´e (born in 1853) and L´eon Gratien (born in 1858); all studied at the ´ Ecole Polytechnique. Education: Joseph was very gifted, he spoke Latin and understood Algebra and elemen- tary geometry already at the age of 9. At his 11, he attended the ´ Ecole Polytechnique and obtained his doctorate with a study on Thermodynamics in 1839 only at his 17. The same year he officially enrolled himself in the ´ Ecole Polytechnique. Professional Career: In 1841, Bertrand went to the ´ Ecole des Mines and in the same year was appointed professor for elementary mathematics at the Lyc´ee Saint-Louis, where he remained till 1848. Since 1852 he was also professor for Mathemat- ics at the Lyc´ee Henry IV and also taught at the ´ Ecole Normale Sup´erieure. After having been R´ep´etiteur at the ´ Ecole Polytechnique since 1844, he be- came full professor there in 1856. From 1862 till 1878 he was professor for analysis at the Coll`ege de France, then after an interruption for 8 years taught again.
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Bertrand wrote several small papers about probability. • Bertrand’s book Calcul des probabilit´es (Paris 1888, 1889; New York 1978) influenced Jules Poincar´e’s (1854-1912) book with the same title (1896).
• Trait´e d’alg`ebre (Paris 1855). • Trait´e de calcul diff´erentiel et de calcul int´egral (Paris 1864). • Les fondateurs de l’astronomie moderne (Paris 1865). • Rapport sur les progr`es les plus r´ecents de l’analyse math´ematique (Paris 1867). • L’acad´emie des sciences et les acad´emiciens de 1666 `a 1793 (Paris 1869; Amsterdam 1969). • Trait´e d’arithm´etique (Paris 1895, 11.ed.). Scientific Awards: In 1856 Bertrand became Fellow of the Acad´emie des Sciences, and from 1874 till his death he was permanent secretary there. Known for the Bertrand Paradoxon. Bibliography: • Charles Coulston Gillespie (ed.), Dictionary of scientific biography, vol. II (New York) pp. 87-89. • Bernard Bru, “Le probl`eme de l’efficacit´e diu tir `a l’´ Ecole de Metz: as- pects th´eoriques et exp´erimentaux”, in: B. Belhoste, A. Picon (eds.), ´ Ecole d’application de l’artillerie et du g´enie de Metz (1802-1870) (Paris 1996) pp. 61-70. • Bernard Bru, Fran¸cois Jongmans, “Joseph Bertrand”, in: C.C. Heyde, E. Seneta (eds.), Statisticians of the Centuries (New York 2001) pp. 185-189. • Bernard Bru, “Les le¸cons de calcul des probabilit´es de Joseph Bertrand”, http://www.jehps.net/Decembre2006/Bru.pdf (30.07.2008). • P. Cr´epel, “Le calcul des probabilit´es: de l’arithm´etique sociale `a l’art militaire”, in: B. Belhoste, A. Dahan, A. Picon (eds.), La formation poly- technique (1794-1994) (Paris 1994) pp. 197-215. • Andrew I. Dale, A history of inverse probability: From Thomas Bayes to
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ical Sciences) (New York 1999). • G. Darboux, “Eloge historique de J.L.F. Bertrand”, in: Eloges acad´emique et discours (Paris 1912) pp. 1-60. • H. Gispert, La France math´ematique: La Soci´et´e math´ematique de France (1872-1914) (Cahiers d’Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences. Nouvelle S´erie 34) (Paris 1991). • H. Gispert, “De Bertrand `a Hadamard, quel enseignement d’analyse pour les polytechniciens?”, in: B. Belhoste, A. Dahan, A. Picon (eds.), La forma- tion polytechnique (1794-1994) (Paris 1994) pp. 181-196. • P.J.P. Henry, “Cours de probabilit´e du tir, profess´e `a l’´ Ecole d’application d’artillerie de Fontainebleau en 1894”, Memorial de l’Artillerie fran¸caise 5 (1894, 1926) pp. 294-447. • Nicholas Shackel, “Bertrand’s paradox and the principle of indifference”, Philosophy of Science 74 (2007) pp. 150-175. • Oscar B. Sheynin, “H. Poincar´e’s work on probability”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 42 (1991) pp. 137-171. • Oscar B. Sheynin, “Bertrand’s work on probability”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 48 (1994) pp. 155-199. • Oscar B. Sheynin, “Geometric probability and Bertrand Paradox”, Histo- ria Scientiarum 13 (2003) pp. 42-53. • M. Zerner, “Le r`egne de Joseph Bertrand (1874-1900)”, in: H. Gispert (ed.), La France math´ematique. Cahiers d’histoire et de philosophie des sci- ences no. 34 (1991) pp. 298-322. • J.J. O’Connor, E.F. Robertson, http:/www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/ his- tory/Mathematicians/Bertrand.html (15 November 2006). • J.J. O’Connor, E.F. Robertson, http:/www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/ his- tory/References/Bertrand.html (15 November 2006). Author(s) of this contribution: Claudia von Collani Version: 1.00 Yüklə 21,11 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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