CORRESPONDENCE
Marina I. Ivleva stm602@yandex.ru
© 2016 Ivlev et al. Open Access terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) apply. The license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
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Introduction
Modern stage of the development of the society that is defined as an
information society, rapid development of computer technology, transformation
of information and knowledge into a commodity, a strategic resource, the
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL & SCIENCE EDUCATION
2016, VOL. 11, NO. 16, 9113-9124
Environmental Approach to the Study of the Modern
Stage of Information Society Development: Research
Prospects
Vitali Yu. Ivlev
a
, Eleonora V. Barkova
b
, Marina I. Ivleva
b
and Olga M.
Buzskaya
b
a
Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, RUSSIA;
b
Plekhanov Russian University
of Economics, Moscow, RUSSIA
ABSTRACT
The paper analyses modern information society in terms of an information ecology
approach. Its aim is to determine the place of the human being in the human-society-
ecosystem relations system and to study the prospects of a humanistic approach to the
understanding of the essence of subject-object relationships in the communication space
of information society. Based on the principles of integrity and systemacy, the principles
of holistic methodology, analysis and synthesis have been used. It is shown that the
ecology-information model leads modern philosophical thought to new dimensions of the
world and the human-being, to the reconsideration of the existing essential relations
between them; that the eco-oriented conceptions of modern philosophy that preserve
the integrity and inherent worth of the being of the human make it possible to
adequately consider an individual’s social situation in the information society. The article
also describes the concept of an information code as unconscious and sustained cultural
matrix that determines the mode of the human existence in the world, and considers its
features under modern conditions when communicative activity of the subject as a
general form of being becomes its basis. In addition, the concept of navigation as the
movement of the subject within the structure of information models of the world created
by the experience of many generations is characterized.
KEYWORDS
ARTICLE HISTORY
Information society, information ecology, subject-
object relations, ecosystem, information code
Received 11 June 2016
Revised 19 July 2016
Accepted 27 August 2016
OPEN ACCESS
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V. YU. IVLEV ET AL.
growing role of information in society on the whole – all this, being an object of
philosophical research, have led to the emergence of information ecology, an
area that regards information as an object of ecological research and that
basically addresses issues of functioning of information systems in
organizations, business and politics.
Today the social-cultural space is increasingly determined by the growing
intensity of various information and communication flows and links. In it,
communications of various types and of different scales interact; the structure of
this space, which is explored in research programs and technologies of modern
management activity, undergoes qualitative changes. As a result of a
considerable influence of these processes on the existence and functioning of
information society its sustainable development is impossible in the absence of
information ecology (Babik, 2008).
In these conditions a holistic information-ecology approach becomes
relevant. Compared to the previous conceptions of social philosophy, it studies
society in a deeper and more versatile way, treating it as a holistic system
determined by content information, a system that is deeply and comprehensively
associated with nature (Eddy et al., 2014). Formerly, different areas of social
philosophy focused on socium that either contrasted with nature or interacted
with it, using it only as a resource.
In recent years an integrated informatiological picture of the world has
been objectively formed. In it, the experience of the reflection of the entire
preceding course of the humanity development and comprehension of it,
including the information society from the second half of the XX century, is
beginning to be realized. According to the contemporary view on the issue, in
information ecology, the society at its current stage of development is regarded
as a part of a broader whole, a social-natural ecosystem. Information as a factor
of social management, as a human resource and as an economic constituent; the
content of the social and cultural space-time, of social structure - all these and
other aspects of the world’s information picture indicate new contours of society,
its new characteristics (Fidel et al., 2004; Grigoryan, 2015).
In this situation, at the modern stage of society’s development, particularly
important becomes the need to develop information culture of subjects, provided
there are freely circulating information flows (Parahonsky, 2014), and thereby to
pay special attention to the human being as a subject in his relations with
society and ecosystem on the whole. Ecology of information environment
becomes an important condition for the development of a healthy antroposystem
as a complex interaction of individuals, as well as groups of individuals (Anikin,
2011). Ecological approach, paying special attention to the relationship between
the human and the ecosystem on the whole, whose integral element is
information society, based on the principles of systemacy and holism, reveals
new aspects of both society and the human being as a subject.
Literature Review
The ecology principles in a philosophical context are used to draw attention
to the potential of ecological thinking, to stress the interrelation of the
subsystems in the information space. T.H. Davenport and L. Prusak (1997)
discuss the concept of "information ecology" in order to determine the approach
to information management in the workforce. The authors believe that on the
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one hand, technology deployed within an organization, as well as technologies
available on the external technology market can successfully contribute to the
planning and gradual improvement of the effectiveness of the information space.
Technology provides access to information, and this access is not only sufficient
but also necessary. On the other hand, the technology model relies on highly
qualified human resources, which are the foundation of society and need careful
attitude to them.
In the article “Towards an Information Ecology” by R. Capurro (1990) comes
to the conclusion that the challenges of “information ecology”
arise in
information-rich societies, as well as in the interaction with information-poor
societies. The author emphasizes that a measure of the ecological quality of
information can be the social character of information, its linguistic (criticability,
tacit dimension, and partiality) and historical aspects. He notes that these
aspects can contribute to the understanding of the concept of “information
pollution.” It is also pointed out that the difference between the information-poor
and the information-rich countries is growing.
With the increase of the role of networking in public, educational and
commercial institutions and organizations, as well as in people's daily lives, of
broadband Internet; the development of Web 2.0 services, improved browsers;
the increase of web-sites and blogs with Flash application platforms and mass
development of widgets, scientists raise the issue of information ecology in social
networks and online communities (Detlor, 2001; Zhu, Wang & Chang, 2009;
Karakas, 2009). Y. Malhotra (2002) considers the concept of "information
ecology" as one of the main components of the popular conception of modern
organizational management, knowledge management, and even specifies it as
"knowledge ecology." In his opinion, the traditional understanding of knowledge
management is focused primarily on general information that lies on the
surface, whereas knowledge ecology treats the available knowledge, using meta-
information, logical links and relations that may be useful for business from the
viewpoint of adaptation to the changing financial and economic indicators. At
present, an approach that views information space as an ecosystem of special
kind (Stepp, 1999; Baker & Bowker, 2007) capable of supporting stable
existence of other systems (Chen et al., 2008) is being developed within the
information ecology framework. The comparative analysis of natural and human
ecosystems resulted in the conception of A.L. Eryomin (1998) who defines
information ecology as a science that studies the laws governing the influence of
information on the formation and functioning of the human being, human
communities and humanity in general and on the health and psychological,
physical and social well‐being; as a science which develops methodologies to
improve the information environment.
Research Methods
In the given paper, based on the holistic philosophical methodology,
methods of the synthesis of data obtained by other researchers, as well as the
authors’ conclusions have been used; the starting points of the research are the
concepts of the human-subject of information space as a bio-socio-cultural being,
and of the integrity of ecosystem as the unity of the individual, society and
nature. Features of the formation of a new philosophical-informatiological
outlook, based on the principle of informational foundation of the universe have
been studied. It is noted that inseparable from the philosophical-
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V. YU. IVLEV ET AL.
informatiological approach is a significant expansion of the research sphere of
spiritual, material and energy processes.
The leading principle in the present research is that of the world’s integrity,
its internal unity, as well as the conception of a significant expansion of the
information role and place in the being of objective reality under the conditions
when the status of material-substantial processes is reduced, compared to the
status of the information that appears to be the basis for forming content
features, processes, relations and objects in society.
Results
In analyzing the views existing in different information ecology trends, it
can be concluded that in the framework of information ecology the focus of
research is the object – information, social relations, organization, group;
whereas the subject is on the margin of attention. However, in modern
conditions, humanization of scientific research is one of the most essential
trends, and it is necessary to develop the philosophical outlook that actualizes,
as its area, information ecology as accepting the human being in the status of a
subject who is capable of controlling and regulating the information-
communication space processes, preserving his special ontological space as his
subjectness space (Barkova, 2013). Thus, the ecology-information model leads
the modern philosophical thought to new dimensions of the world and the
human being, as well as to the reconsideration of the essential relations between
them (Ivleva, 2014). The purpose of the present paper is to determine the place
of the human being in the human-society-ecosystem relationship system, and to
study the prospects of the humanistic approach to the understanding of the
essence of the subject-object relations within the information-ecology approach.
Modern knowledge society, whose foundations are set by rapid development
of information-communication networks and processes, exhibits a conspicuous
modernization of social and cultural space-time. This have naturally resulted in
the transformations of meaningful “coordinates” of the human presence in the
world, transformations that have changed the structures of being and that have
opened up a new scale of a planetary human being and humanity. Thereby the
possibilities of the information space have given a powerful impetus to the
formation of communicational-cultural space uniting subjects of all continents,
to the united building of cultural bridges and to the opening of new educational
resources: the deployment of virtual museum network, travelling, distance
learning and discussion of scientific and social problems, which in its turn has
become the basis for new scientific research and knowledge areas.
However, along with the social and cultural development potential, that
have opened up thanks to the new information technologies, there are trends
associated with serious risks for the human being for preserving his life space,
for the ecosystem at all levels: from local to global-planetary and broader, at the
level of Being as a whole. We agree with V.A. Kutyrev (2006) who stresses how
important it is today to propose a modus vivendi between realism and
modernism reflecting our natural, object macrocosm, and postmodernism as, in
fact, an ideology of other, informational-virtual micro and mega worlds.
Ecological problems only recently attributed to nature, have become essential for
culture and the human being, in general, for Being.
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Indeed, in the content and nature of the orientation of the modern type of
civilization development, foundations are activated that generate spontaneous
irrational processes in which the socio-cultural system is rapidly losing the
stability of its being, becoming increasingly unbalanced and unpredictable. It
should be emphasized that its internal space-time is set by information
determinism as a general principle of organization of socium, culture and social
interactions aimed at the production of new information and innovative
communication systems, but not at the development of the Human being,
Culture and Nature, of the Earth as our common Home. And the most
widespread conceptions of information society, such as, for example, M. Castells’
(2009) conception, transfer the properties of the subject as a creator and source
of the relation to information, a creator and "designer" of all social positions and
messages to the properties of information. In that way, the subject aspect in
grounding the fundamental properties of society appears to be discarded.
But this substitution removing the boundaries set by the subject in the
development of social space-time makes the information content of the modern
world not only unpromising for revealing its nature and possibilities of human
nature, but limitlessly excessive: in it, at an ever-increasing speed, information
is continuously accumulated, generated, translated, and stored. This
information immediately becomes outdated; in addition, there is no time left for
using it, for getting used to the meanings, for selecting the important and not
important, for thoughtful and reasoned analysis and evaluation of facts, texts,
events and cultural phenomena in terms of their truth or falsity; brilliance or
junk information. Such acceleration of social time is increasingly integrating the
human being as a ranked structure into the social space where he appears to be
“the weakest link” of the information universal set because his capabilities –
memory capacity, the switching speed of cultural-meaningful programs, their
"reformatting" – are set by internal rhythms of his nature organically connected
with the rhythms of the Universe, with the outlook, moral culture, values, and
traditions which the human being cannot and must not through away, to the
extent he is the Human Being.
Therefore, it is clear why modern philosophy is in an intense search for eco-
oriented strategies of the future society conceptions in the context of civilization
faults and crises in which the integrity and the intrinsic value of the being of the
human is not lost (Marten, 2008). Thus, cross-cultural and historical analysis of
human systems as information systems seems very productive (Stepp et al.,
2003). Modern situation has great constructive potential, and it can and must be
used to stimulate mass creation and introduction of higher-end nonpolluting
technologies. Accepting the existence of human society as an inseparable
element of the natural ecosystem on the whole, philosophical-culturological
ideology must overcome the instrumentalism of thinking in relation to
ecosystems and to establish a cultural form of ecological thinking (Bellafiore,
2013).
Discussions
The guideline of these searches for the protection and preservation in the
XXI century world of the regulatory status of the highest values of culture,
moral imperatives, fundamental knowledge and of the entire sphere of
humanitarian culture, is matched by the concretization of the principles of
integrity and information determinism in the context of information ecology and
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its potential in structuring the specifics of space-time continuum of modern
society.
In the past, throughout the history, various general forms and mechanisms
spontaneously developed aimed at updating the information underlying social
space-time content: changes in the philosophical picture of the world and in
outlook systems, transformations of cultural meanings, public and state reforms,
a change of the material forms of object environment, of the production
instruments. The stored information – through traditions, rites, rituals, forms of
classical art, science and philosophy – was translated, passed in space and time
of subsequent ages as moral standards, evaluation criteria, knowledge and
values, while preserving its value as the cultural-informational past demanded
in the course of global evolution. But they acquired this status, based on the
position of new generations that were part of socium and culture and that had
the subject status of their own and realized it in processes of information-
communication reformatting of the forming social-cultural reality.
Today, however, the role of the subject in space-time information society
moving to the periphery complicates the implementation of this function:
distinguishing in the society between the contemporary and the past, the eternal
and the temporary, the relevant and the irrelevant. Events of the present tied to
the novelty of information assume the meaning of changes of some point in space
"here and now," the point that acquires a substantial-material, physical content,
and accordingly, its value-culture meaning is blurred. In this context,
physicalization and reification of the reality of the modern world is a direct
manifestation of a constraint imposed on the role of the subject, a kind of deficit
of social and cultural subjectness space which retains an ontological stratum,
sensory-supersensory and symbolic-meaningful reality that principally cannot
be reduced to technologies and organizational-systemic processes and structures.
The condition for the revival of the subject centering of the information society
space-time continuum is reflection and the solution of the information ecology
issue. We are referring to the regulation of spontaneous information flows: their
value-culture constraints and “purification” of junk information in accordance
with the need of the society for self-identification and preservation of high
values and ideals as the foundation for the development of self-consciousness,
taking into account the fact that information ecology has quite a definite place in
the ecosystem, first of all, in the complicated network of interpersonal relations
(Nardi & O’Day, 1999).
Information ecology conception should be used as a basis for such eco-
oriented design of modern space-time. In our opinion, information ecology can
be constituted as a section of philosophical knowledge that studies information
as an attribute of being as a whole, therefore of the being of the human, culture,
society, nature and cosmos in their organic unity; and that develops the concept
of their commensurability on the basis of the universal information code, the
violation and especially destruction of which threatens a catastrophe for Being
as a whole.
Information ecology and its humanitarian component is in no degree a
substitute for technical sciences of information and information security, nor do
they reduce high estimation of achievements of modern technical sciences of
information, their considerable accomplishments in technologies and
communications resulting from the impact of globalization processes on any local
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processes and links. But the emphasis is shifted to the issue of the human being
and humanity as a subject of these transformations, to the substantiation of a
cosmoplanetary dimension of the being of information society whose response
considerably lags behind real demand for preserving the human world.
The purpose of such emphasis on the subject is not its special designing, but
the restoration of the priority of a starting and basic, indigenous for the society
subject-object relation that emerged in ancient times as far back as in the
primordial strata of culture, by forming through activity, thinking and
language, which as is known allowed the human being not just to adapt to
reality, but also transform the reality in accordance with goals on the basis of
the acquired experience and modes of behavior.
In the course of history the subject-object relationship as a special space,
and today as a special value as well, existed always and everywhere, with all the
changes of its contents and scale, at all the stages of the world history and in all
epochs. And it is the subjects, including the society, and from the beginning of
the XX century the humanity as a subject, that always developed an attitude to
information as an object, thus eliminating the semblance of informational self-
regulation. Undoubtedly, information is a special object, such that in some
respects approaches a subject in fulfilling its function, i.e. translation of content.
But information only imitates the role of a subject: by reason of its sense it can
never realize it in its entirety, since the subject as a source of information is a
creator of attitudes to the world such as freedom, values and evaluation, choice
and restrictions, distinguishing between the possible and the real, space and
time, etc. But information content always exists as givenness, not as choice: it is
objectified and is always discrete and finite.
Preservation and restoration of the starting point, the human being-subject,
as the center of space-time continuum that sets and translates information codes
as conditions for the continuous evolution of human history and culture, and
information as a periphery category, is the only opportunity to interpret
information as an object and to overcome the illusion of its self-sufficiency in the
modern society. This, in our view, is another important function of information
ecology giving reasons for irreducibility of the subject to the space-time of his
present being and keeping the ability to influence information processes. An
information code is an unconscious and sustainable, transmitted from
generation to generation matrix of any culture. Apparently, at the level of
modern society on the whole, the basis of such information code is the
communicative activity of the subject as a general form of being and content
parameters of space and time because it sets the mode of being of the human in
the world. It is for this reason that from the viewpoint of information ecology
values underlying communicative activity meaningfully determine and center
the space-time continuum of the society. The social and cultural space-time in
this logic appears to be not just the result of information flow or determination
of communication networks, but a form of the distribution of the information
coming from the subject.
Therefore, the subject-information code is not only the transmitted, in the
course of communications from generation to generation, basis of the human
ability to speak, understand and think, and to act; but most importantly, to
transcend, i.e. to go outside any object-information environment, to grasp it,
theoretically and practically, as something external for himself; to rise above it
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in order to develop ways of utilizing the object, of including it into his modes of
activity, projects and norms of life and interaction.
Continual ideas with which modern science works in search of models of
continuous transitions of the subject into the object and of subject goal-
orientation have already led to the discovery and adoption of an exceptionally
methodologically productive concept, navigation, which is used by A.N. Paranina
(2014) in a geographical theory of natural and cultural heritage. One of the
fundamental bases of research of natural and cultural heritage today is the
concept of navigation in the broadest interpretation: as movement and
orientation not only in space-time, but also in the structure of the world
information models created by the experience of many generations, including the
labyrinths of modern information space. Structuring of the space-time
continuum of modernity here appears to be not just ordering of relation to
information itself, but clarification of the relations between the subject and the
information space.
And if the main navigator is the human being as a subject, as the center of
space-time continuum of the world, then from this it follows that the human and
the humanity’s responsibility is immeasurably higher in designing the
continuum as a general form of the formation of the future, in saturating it with
humanistic guidelines as the basis for purposes determining the structures of
the future values and ideals.
Therefore, the most important task of information ecology is the
development of the ability of the modern human being and knowledge society on
the whole to ascend to the power of the Life spirit of the human being of the
past, to assimilate and evaluate the harmony, beauty and depth of culture and
nature spaces, to connect his future with such past and its deep information
code, with images, texts, art, philosophic and scientific worlds that open the way
to integrity, infinity and eternity of being. This seems to be an issue that is yet
to be addressed by modern philosophy.
Thus, modern philosophy addressing its main issue, the relation of the
human being and the world, the subject and the object, in the conditions of
information society is particularized in the development of an ecology-
information area. Understood in the context of the traditions of cosmic-planetary
outlook as the integrity connecting information codes of the Universe, the Earth
and its nature, culture and society, it discovers their correspondence not at the
applied level (that is in the plane of concrete empiric tasks), but ontologically,
i.e., revealing cultural-human, humanistic norm of the information organization
of the being of modern humanity.
Due to this, the information ecology and the outlook in which its essence is
expressed, is to be rightfully regarded as the basis allowing the adjustment of
the content parameters of the space-time continuum of knowledge society, which
substantiates and enables involving the subject as well in addressing the issue
of compliance of the scope and content of information flows with the
requirements of an eco-oriented development of the human being. It is also
important to find “information measures”, including information about the past
and the future required for maintaining the harmony of the being of the human.
Features of their regulation require their specific development and
conceptualization. And therefore, the condition for the protection of the human
being from technology-induced informational "absorption" is the philosophy that
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realizes, as its area, information ecology as the substantiation of the necessity to
‘withdraw’ the human being, used only as a device, as a conductor of its
processes, from the information-communication space and to transfer him to the
status of a subject capable of controlling and regulating these processes. This
subject retains its special ontological space as the space-time of its subjectness.
Thus, in ecology-information logics, communication activity has a dual
function: as time, it structures the subjects’ integration activity; and as a process
of the subjects’ self-development in relation to information processes it is
directed towards establishing the object boundaries, i.e. to the concretization of
that internal information measure that must be mastered by knowledge society
for the development-navigation of space-time continuum as a form of
preservation of the human being self-identity, of the being of culture and values
required for this. Space here stands for objectivation of time important for
preserving and expressing the content of human life, culture and society.
This research area is interpreted today in information ecology as in a
system consisting of people, practices, values, technologies in a certain local
environment. But if information ecology is based on the subject’s being and its
task is to restore his fundamental relation to the object, then in it, as categories,
must be expressed all the attributes and essential values of the subject as well:
assignment to a norm, evaluation, meaning, understanding, distinguishing
between the true and the false, the beautiful and the ugly, the good and the evil,
the relevant and the irrelevant, etc.
And the information viewed as an object must be built in its instrumental
aspect into the social space-time and oriented to the society goals and ideals that
are formed by subjects. To put it differently, in the information ecology, it is
viewed as a tool for fulfilling the necessary and sufficient functions and tasks:
forming models and programs of the development of communication culture,
education technologies, norms of the understanding and formation of
partnership, etc.
But at the same time information undoubtedly remains autonomous as far
as the transmission of messages is concerned, in the status of meanings, symbols
and texts required for forming the subject’s modern media-culture and media
environment.
Conclusion
To conclude, information ecology is a general form of restoration of the
starting and main feature of the humanity: to exist in the information world
through the relation of the subject and its reflection, and the attitudes to
information itself. In fact, this is restoration of the meaning of information as
knowledge and the foundation of education, at the same time this is a great
anthropological-socio-cultural turn to the second signal system as a value gained
by the humanity in the historical past; and there is no reason to discard it
without sufficient argumentation.
Therefore, the model of space-time continuum in modern knowledge society
is operational for the conversion of communication contents into delivery and
translation forms – the basis for general forms of social space and time that will
be in demand in the developing modern world
.
Consequently, forms in the
context of information ecology appear to limit the content and at the same time
they set the tempo of its development which is expressed in the density of
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information processes, their intensity, in informational-cultural charge of
information contacts and interpersonal relations, thus setting directions for the
development of the future. Only within the boundaries of this general continual
form both the subjects and the objects receive the relevant meaning and the
status of either modern or not modern content.
But the subject basis of such continuum includes into the boundaries of
modernity also all the past that is kept in the social memory, in cultural values
reproducing some or other aspects of the universal information code. Therefore,
all sacral or classical texts despite a thousand-year distance from our times, for
many subjects, including the humanity, remain modern, because they retain the
ability to actualize the implied meaning.
On the other hand, information in a
newspaper article may shift to the status of the past practically immediately
after it has been written.
Therefore the subject, on the one hand, is formed by the information
environment as by an object to the extent they are interrelated. But it is the
subject in its meaningful space-time expressing its being as escaping from the
immersion into objectness, “now”, that determines the content-richness of
information message time. That is why, information ecology as the basis for
structuring the space-time continuum of knowledge society turns out to be
polyfunctional. It is in demand not only for systematizing the risks and
estimating the destructions of the forming knowledge society, but first of all, for
creating models of constructive human-preserving development of the
continuous logics of the humanity history, for revealing an infinite richness of
nature itself and of human culture, and for predicting directions of space-time of
the future. Thus, the basis of the formation and development of knowledge
society is not just information as a determinant of the being of the modern world
but subjects that, by centering the contents of space-time of this society provide
conditions for and prospects of its humanization: the establishment in it of high
cultural norms and ways of the development of the personality.
Acknowledgements
This article was prepared with the support of the Russian Humanitarian
Science Foundation and Belarusian Republican Foundation for Fundamental
Research, grant № 16-23-01004 “Philosophical and methodological and natural
basics of modern biological and environmental concepts”.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes on contributors
Vitali Yu. Ivlev,
Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Head of the Philosophy
Department at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of Bauman Moscow State
Technical University, Moscow, Russia.
Eleonora V. Barkova,
Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of the Department of
History and Philosophy at the Humanitarian Training Centre of Plekhanov Russian
University of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
Marina I. Ivleva,
PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of History and
Philosophy at the Humanitarian Training Centre of Plekhanov Russian University of
Economics, Moscow, Russia.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL & SCIENCE EDUCATION
9123
Olga M. Buzskaya,
PhD, Senior Lecturer of the Department of History and
Philosophy at the Humanitarian Training Centre of Plekhanov Russian University of
Economics, Moscow, Russia.
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