Csa4080: Adaptive Hypertext Systems II dr. Christopher Staff

CSA4080: Adaptive Hypertext Systems II

• Dr. Christopher Staff

• Department of Computer Science & AI

• University of Malta

Aims and Objectives

• Course outline

• Method of examination

• Scope of AHS - reminder!

• Hypertext timeline

• Diff between generic and ITS-based AHS

Course Outline

• Topic 1: Introduction

• Topic 2: User-Adaptive Systems

• Topic 3: Hypertext

• Topic 4: User Modelling

• Topic 5: Recommendation Techniques

• Topic 6: Information and Knowledge Representation

Course Outline

• Topic 7: Adaptation Techniques

• Topic 8: Evaluation Methods

• Topic 9: Adaptive Web (tentative)

Method of Examination

• Unseen paper only!

Definition

• “[B]y adaptive hypermedia we mean all hypertext and hypermedia systems which reflect some features of the user in the user model and apply this model to adapt various visible aspects of the system to the user”

• Brusilovsky, P. (1996). Methods and techniques of adaptive hypermedia, in User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 6 (2-3), pp. 87-129. Available on-line at: http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~plb/UMUAI.ps / UMUAI.pdf

Hypertext Timeline

• What is hypertext?

• “non-sequential writing--text that branches and allows choices to the reader”
• Ted Nelson, 1987. Literary Machines, Edition 87.1.
• “Hypertext is text which is not constrained to be linear. Hypertext is text which contains links to other texts.” http://www.w3.org/WhatIs.html

Hypertext Timeline

• 1945: Vannevar Bush, Memex

• 1965: Ted Nelson, coins term “Hypertext”

• p84-nelson.pdf

• 1967: Ted Nelson, Xanadu

• 1967: Andy van Dam, HES and FRESS

• 1968: Doug Engelbart, NLS

• 1975: CMU: ZOG/KMS

Hypertext Timeline

• 1985: Brown Uni, Intermedia

• 1986: Peter Brown, OWL/Guide

• 1987: Apple Inc., HyperCard

• 1987: ACM, First major Conf. on Hypertext

• 1990: NIST, Dexter, HAM, etc.

• 1991: Tim Berners-Lee, WWW

• 1993: NCSA, Mosaic

Adaptive Hypertext Timeline

• 1990: HypAdapter, Böcker et al

• 1990: Lisp-Critic, Fischer et al

• 1992: Manuel Excel, de La Passardiere & Dufresne

• 1993: ITEM/PG: Brusilovsky et al

• 1993: HYPERFLEX: Kaplan et al

• 1994: 1st Workshop on AH

Adaptive Hypertext Timeline

• 1994: MetaDoc, Boyle & Encarnacion

• 1994: Adaptive Hyperman, Mathé & Chen

• 1994: KN-AHS, Kobsa et al

• 1995: Webwatcher, Armstrong et al

• 1995: Letizia, Lieberman

• 1996: Special issue of UMUAI on AH

• 1996: Syskill & Webert, Pazzani et al

Adaptive Hypertext Timeline

• 1996: Personal WebWatcher, Mladenic

• 1997: ELM-ART, Weber & Specht

• 1998: Interbook, Brusilovsky et al

• 1998: AHA!, De Bra & Calvi

• 1999: ART-Web, Weber

• 2000: First major conference on AH, Italy

Current and Future Work

• I stopped Hypertext timeline at launch of the graphical Web, and AH timeline in 2000 with first major AH conference

• Much of the intervening and current hypertext and AH research is concerned with making the Web a better hypertext to use!

• Semantic Web and Adaptive Web

Generic & ITS-based AHSs

• AHS has its roots mainly in ITS and UM

• Predominantly domain specific
• Information space typically designed and created by collaborating educationalists
• Consistency
• Known dependency between educational items

Generic & ITS-based AHSs

• AHS has its roots mainly in ITS and UM

• User generally interviewed to determine skill level
• User has known or determinable goals
• System drives the interaction as tutor
• System decides what user should see next

Generic & ITS-based AHSs

• Another direction for AHS is from Information Retrieval

• Aim is to assist users navigating through arbitrary information spaces

• Bringing relevant information “closer”

• Uses links as a mechanism for navigation

Generic & ITS-based AHSs

• Characteristics of IR-based AHS

• Many non-collaborating authors
• Heterogeneous information space
• Inconsistency
• Links may provide clues about relationship between information items
• Inexact or unknown user goals
• User determines what to see next
• System attempts to guide user to relevant documents

Generic & ITS-based AHSs

• Generic Architecture

Generic & ITS-based AHSs

• ITS-based architecture

Conclusion

• Reminded everyone what AHSs are!

• Looked at a timeline of hypertext & Adaptive Hypertext

• Looked at main differences between generic and ITS-based AHSs