169
CURENT PHYSICAL PROTOCOLS OF INVASIVE AND
NONINVASIVE DETERMINATEING OF ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD
DURING CONCONI TEST
UDC:
796.332.015.574
(Original scientific paper)
Ivana Mladenović Ćirić
1
, Saša Bubanj
1
, Saša Milenković
1
Slobodan Stojiljković
1
,
Nataša Branković
1
, and Ivona Stanković
2
,
1
University of Niš Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia
2
University of Niš, Medical Faculty, Niš, Serbia
Abstract
The heart rate and blood lactate responses on the court enable a detailed estimation of
the working regime (metabolic zone) in which an athlete is trained, which is not possible to
estimate only on the basis of the heart rate. These parameters are measured at rest, during
the exercise (lactates are measured after each work interval), and in recovery. In the end
one gets curves which represent a metabolic profile of each individual. Our sample com-
prised of 10 active female football players and 8 active female handball players who gave
their written consent to take part in this research. To determine the statistical significance
of differences between the researched groups a method of multivariate analysis of variance
(MANOVA), on a multivariate level, and a univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), on
a univariate level, were used. Research results obtained lead us to conclude that between
the subjects of the first and the second group there is no difference in numeric values of
the heart rate at rest and different levels of workload, nor there is any difference in the
lactate level at rest, in workload and in recovery, except for the values of heart rate in the
first workload of 50W. Generally speaking, research results show that both group subjects
display the same functional abilities.
Keywords: heart rate, lactates, female football, female handball, functional abilities,
multivariate analysis of variance
INTRODUCTION
Many physiologists report that there is a
linear heart rate relationship during an incremental
maximum exercise test and workload. This linearity
is lost with the high intensity of exercises. Breaking
point is on the level of anaerobic threshold (ANP).
The moment when the heart rate does not follow
the increasing workload, and the curve turns to the
right, is called a deflection point. Having in mind
that workloads below the threshold (dominant
aerobic), on the threshold (aerobic-anaerobic) and
above the threshold (dominant anaerobic) stimulate
different metabolic processes. Heart rate values in
certain zones of intensity are extremely important in
determining the training intensity. Heart rate enables
precise determination of the workload intensity only
up to the anaerobic threshold. Such workloads have
reversible effects on the heart thus strengthening the
myocardium by decreasing the heart rate at rest, and
increasing the efficiency on a submaximal workload
(greater workload-lower values of HR) (Đurašković,
2002). This is the basis of the Conconi test. Heart
rate and blood lactate responses on the court enable
a detailed estimation of the working regime
(metabolic zone) in which an athlete is trained,
which is not possible to estimate only on the basis
of the heart rate. These parameters are measured
at a rest, during exercise (lactates are measured
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170
after each work interval) and in recovery. In the
end one gets curves as a metabolic profile of each
individual. These curves are varied and heavily
depend on the type of workload. Actually, the
workload determines which parameter is to be
observed and monitored as an indicator of the
improvement rate. (Fratrić F., 2006).
During the prolonged continuous work
that engages several muscle groups (running,
cycling), besides the lactate, it is important to
monitor the heart rate and consumption of V02
max. In endurance sports heart rate and the
level of blood lactate should be checked every
4 weeks. There were attempts to quantify the
point where the curve of heart rate bends to
the right. Numerous studies have shown that
quantification of this point is far more exact
when determined on the basis of the lactate
curve. (Fratrić F., 2006).
John A. Vachon et al (John A. Vachon,
1999) investigated the validity of the heart rate
deflection as a predictor of the lactate threshold
during various Conconi test running protocols.
In the conclusion of this study it is found that
the HR deflection point is not an adequate pre-
dictor of the lactate threshold.
Grazzi, Casoni,Mazzoni, Uliari, & Conconi
(2005). confirmed the validity of the Conconi
test and HR deflection for the determination of
the anaerobic threshold. The authors compared
two versions of the Conconi test, of Conconi,
Grazzi, Cason, Guglielmini, Borsetto, Ballarin,
Mazzoni, Ptracchini, & Manfredini (1996) and
Grazzi, Alfieri, Borsetto, Casoni, Manfredini,
Mazzoni, & Conconi (1999), on the one side,
and Ozcelik and Kelestimur (2004), on the other
side, by monitoring three important parameters
(method used for the increased workload, warm-
up procedure, method used for HR deflection po-
int determination). Ozcelik test protocol (Ozcelik
& Kelestimur, 2004) was performed on cycle er-
gometer in costant rhythm while the Conconi test
regulates the workload increment by the incre-
ased pedalling frequence. Conconi et al. (1996)
and Grazzi et al. (1999) have pointed out that
this test follows the physiological demands appe-
aring during the incremented repetitive activities
(running, walking, cycling, swimming).
Adequte warm up increases body tempe-
rature and thus speeds up metabolic processes
and metabolic adaptation to testing procedu-
re (Bishop D., 2000, Amann M., 2004). Four
minute low intensity warm up method (20 W)
was used by Conconi et al., 1996 and Grazzi
et al., 1999. It turned out that it’s been failed
to introduce the testing subject into the adequ-
ate warm up, so the subject could not show his/
her full aerobic work in the test. The third point,
considered by the authors, is the method used
to identify the heart rate break point (the heart
rate deflection point). Objective mathematical
methods avoid subjective interpretations during
this test (Conconi et al. 1996; Grazzi et al.,
1999). In the study of Ozcelik & Kelestimur
(2004) the heart rate deflection point was
detected in 6 out of 16 tests on which their study
is based.
Reliability and validity of the modified
Conconi test was the research focus of the
group of authors led by Čelik, O., Kosar. S. N.,
Korkusuz. F. & Bozkurt. M. (2005). On a sam-
ple of twenty-eight oarsman they administered
three tests in three separate days. The third test
was a Conconi test with the incremented work-
load on ergometer when the level of blood lactate
was measured. The results show that the mean
power output (PO) scores for the CT, CTR and
ILT were 234.2 ± 40.3 W. CRT- 232.-i.39.7W
and ILT= 229.7±39.6 W, respectively. The mean
HR values at the AT for the CT, CTR and ILT
were 165.4±11.2b.min. 160.4±T0.8b.min. and
158.3±8.8b.min., respectively. Interclass cor-
relation coefficient (ICC) analysis indicated a
significant correlation between all three tests.
Validity of HR deflection point was inve-
stigated by the Conconi test in cycling (Borgois,
Coorevits, Danneels, Cambier, & Vrijens,
2004) on a sample of eleven cyclists. A corre-
lation between HRDP and the level of lactate
was investigated. It was found that the lacta-
te threshold appeared earlier than HRDP and it
was concluded that determination of HRDP in
the Conconi test was not valid for the determi-
nation of the anaerobic threshold.
Reliability of the Conconi test in determi-
nation of the anaerobic threshold (Carev, 2002)
was investigated on 22 cyclists (l1 men and
11 women). Mean values for the heart rate at
AT were 157.3 b.min for the Conconi test and
163.3 b.min. for the V-slope method. Because
there was no significant difference in the two
methods, the author recommends the Conconi
test as a practical tool for AT determination.
Grazzi et al. (2005) have confirmed validity of
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171
the Conconi test and HR deflection point for
the estimation of the anaerobic threshold. They
have compared two versions of the Conconi test,
Conconi et al. (1996) and Grazzi et al. (1999),
on the one hand and Ozcelic and Kelestimur
(2004) on the other hand, by considering three
important points (method used to increase pow-
er output, the warm-up procedure, method used
to identify the heart rate break point).
Bodner & Rhodes (2000) reviewed pre-
vious research on the heart rate deflection
point determination. They have compared the
Conconi test to other similar tests only to deter-
mine that the heart rate deflection point is highly
dependent on the type of the protocol used, but
not all studies report reproducibility of HRDP
and the lactate anaerobic threshold. The HRDP
has a potential to be used not only for a train-
ing regulation purposes, but also clinically, as a
parameter of the workload intensity for cardiac
rehabilitation.
The research problem of this study is to
determine the heart rate frequency and the level
of the blood lactate during the Conconi test on
cycle ergometer in football and handball female
players on the federal competition level.
METHODS
Subject sample
The research sample comprised of
10 top-rated, regular federal level compe-
tition, active, female football players and
8 female handball players who gave their
consent prior to the onset of this study.
Variable sample
For the purpose of this research a 13 va-
riables were measured. The variables were
designated as follows: (FPUMI) heart rate
at rest in min., (FPUOP1) heart rate in the
first minute of the test, (FPUOP2) heart rate
in the second minute of the test, (FPUOP3)
heart rate in the third minute of the test,
(FPUOP4) heart rate in the fourth minute
of the test, (FPUOP5) heart rate in the fif-
th minute of the test, (FPUOP6) heart rate
in the sixth minute of the test, (FPUOP7)
heart rate in the seventh minute of the test,
(FPUOP8) heart rate in the eighth minute of
the test, (FPUOP9) heart rate in the ninth
minute of the test, (FPUOP10) heart rate in
the tenth minute of the test. (FLAKMI) blo-
od lactate at rest, (FLAKTE) blood lactate
in the workload, (FLAKOP) blood lactate
in recovery.
Blood lactate was measured in zero
minute, before the test, at the end of the
workload, and 10 minutes after the test. The
heart rate was measured at every lap time
during each change of workload. The wor-
kload was dosed in Watts. The heart rates
were measured by pulsemeter “Polar”. The
duration of the test was measured by the
pulsemeter.
The Conconi test is a very comforta-
ble noninvasive method for measuring the
anaerobic threshold (AT) (Conconi et al.,
1996). According to the Conconi’s proto-
col subjects undergo a 10 minute warm-up
at 50% of the HR reserve, upon the load
is increased by 15 W every minute. Then,
subjects perform a continuous ride on a
bicycle ergometer for 12 minutes, starting
at the load of 25W and finishing when the
subject stops cycling because of the pain.
HR was recorded continuously at 5 second
intervals with use of the Polar watch; the
data were later downloaded to a computer
for further analyses. The Polar technology
needs minimum eight lap times for the
software analysis, graphs display and AT
point determination.
Blood samples were taken from su-
bjects’ finger, first at rest, then at the mo-
ment of test finish, and the third measure-
ment was performed ten minutes after the
rest. Blood lactate concentrations were
determined using the automated lactate
analyzer (Accutrend Laktate Mnanhame).
Data processing
To determine the differences, an adequate
statistical procedures were used to commensu-
rate with the set of research problem.
The data were processed and analyzed
by means of the software program “Statistica
6”. Basic statistical parameters were calcula-
ted: MV-mean value, SD-standard deviation,
MIN - minimal values and MAX - maximal
values, and R – range. To determine the sta-
tistical significance of differences between the
groups, a method of multivariate analysis of va-
riance (MANOVA), on a multivariate level, and
univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), on a
Mladenović Ćirić, I., et all.: CURENT PHYSICAL...
RIK 40( 2012) 2:169-176
172
univariate level, were used.
RESULTS
The results shown in Tables are dis-
played in the logical order (Tables 1. - 4.).
Values of the heart rate and lactate at rest,
in workload and at recovery in football fe-
male players (first group) and handball fe-
male players (second group), are shown in
Tables 1. and 2.
The values of the heart rate at rest,
under workload and in recovery in female
football players (the first group) are shown
in the Table 1. The results show that the
average values of the heart rate at rest in
female football players were 73.70 beats/
min (the values ranged from 60 b/min to 82
b/min, which is the range of 22 b/min. The
values of the heart rate at the end of the test
were 170.80 b/min (ranging from160 b/min
to182 b/min). Calculated maximal values of
heart rate for the given age were (220-g.s)
out of 200. The average values of the lacta-
te at rest in female football players were 1.20
Table 1. Basic statistical parameters of heart rate at rest,
in different workloads and in recovery in female football players
FPUMI
FPUOPl
FPUOP2
FPUOP3
FPUOP4
FPUOP5
FPUOP6
FPUOP7
TPUOP8
FPUOP9
FPUOP10
FLAKMI
FLAKTE
FLAKOP
Mean
73.70
95.60
109.50
119.00
124.60
132.30
141.20
148.40
157.00
164.80
170.80
1.20
5.02
3.22
Min
60.00
79.00
96.00
100.00
108.00
115.00
121.00
126.00
137.00
150.00
160.00
1.00
1.20
1.30
Max
82.00
115.00
135.00
143.00
146.00
157.00
161.00
170.00
174.00
181.00
182.00
2.30
10.20
8.20
Range
22.00
36.00
39.00
43.00
38.00
42.00
40.00
44.00
37.00
31.00
22.00
1.30
9.00
6.90
ST
7.83
9.68
11.67
11.44
10.72
11.82
11.04
11.80
10.29
9.88
8.51
0.40
2.54
1.98
Table 2. Basic statistical parameters of heart rate at rest,
in different workloads and in recovery in female handball players
FPUMI
FPUOPl
FPUOP2
FPUOP3
FPUOP4
FPUOP5
FPUOP6
FPUOP7
TPUOP8
FPUOP9
FPUOP10
FLAKMI
FLAKTE
FLAKOP
Mean
68.25
106.25
116.50
125.13
134.50
141.63
151.00
158.88
164.63
172.75
173.75
1.36
7.61
4.80
Min
66.00
96.00
107.00
109.00
120.00
122.00
130.00
134.00
140.00
156.00
158.00
1.00
3.50
1.90
Max
72.00
117.00
127.00
140.00
150.00
158.00
170.00
177.00
181.00
188.00
184.00
2.10
12.50
7.20
Range
6.00
21.00
20.00
31.00
30.00
36.00
40.00
43.00
41.00
32.00
26.00
1.10
9.00
5.30
ST
2.25
7.01
6.41
9.86
9.59
11.73
13.48
14.21
13.86
12.07
9.71
0.42
3.09
1.86
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mmol/l (from 1-1.30 mmol/1), average values
of the lactate in the end of the Conconi test were
5.02 mmol/l (ranging from 1,20-10.20 mmol/l).
The values of the heart rate at rest,
under different workload and in recovery
in female handball players (the second gro-
up) are shown in the Table 2. The results
show that the average values of the heart
rate at rest in female handball players were
68.25±2.25 beats/min (the values ranged
from 66 b/min to 72b/min 60 b/min, which
is the range of 6 b/min). The values of
the heart rate at the end of the test were
173.75±9.71 b/min (ranging from 158 b/min
to 184 b/min).The average values of the lacta-
te at rest in female football players were 1.20
mmol/l (from 1-1.30 mmol/1), average value of
the lactate in the end of the Conconi test were
4.80 mmol/1(from 1.90 mmol/l to 7.20 mmol/l.
The results of the multivariate analysis of va-
riance (Table 3.) between the female football
player subjects and female handball player su-
Table 3. Multivariate analysis of variance between
female football players and female handball players (MANOVA)
Wilks Lambda
0.007
F
89.68
Effect
16
Error
1
P
0.083
bjects show that there is no statistically signifi-
cant difference between the groups in the rese-
arched area (p .083). Due to this fact there is no
need to use other statistical methods. However,
we give the difference between the groups defi-
ned by the ANOVA method.
On an univariate level the obtained results
in the researched area of the heart rate at rest
and under workload and the level of lactate at
rest, and under workload, and in recovery show
that there is statistically significant difference
only in the variable FPUOPI (heart rate on the
first level of workload) p=0.01.
DISCUSION AND CONCLUSION
The values of the heart rate and the lactate
at rest, under workload and in recovery in fema-
le football players (the first group) and female
handball players (the second group) are shown
in Tables 1. and 2. The results show the pre-
sence of great range between the minimal and
maximal heart rate which in turn points to the
inhomogeneity of the female football players
group whose standard deviation was 7.83 be-
ats/min. In female handball players, a small
range between the minimal and maximal heart
rate, points to the homogeneity of this group
whose standard deviation was 2.25 beats/min.
Table 4. ANOVA
FPUMI
FPUOP1
FPUOP2
FPUOP3
FPUOP4
FPUOP5
FPUOP6
FPUOP7
FPUOP8
FPUOP9
FPUOP10
FLAKMI
FLAKTE
FLAKOP
Group I
Mean
73.70
95.60
109.50
119.00
124.60
132.30
141.20
148.40
157.00
164.80
170.80
1.20
5.02
3.22
Std.Dev.
7.832
9.675
11.674
11.441
10.721
11.823
11.043
11.796
10.296
9.875
8.509
0.400
2.540
1.98
Group I I
Mean
68.25
106.25
116.50
125.13
134.50
141.62
151.00
158.87
164 63
172.75
173.75
6
7.61
4 80
Std.Dev.
2.252
7.005
6414
9.862
9.592
11.734
13.480
14.207
13.866
12.068
9.706
0.437
3.094
1.863
JF
3.595
6.801
2.301
1.435
4.153
2.783
2.882
2.928
1.798
2.369
0.472
0.676
3.820
2.978
D
0.076
0.019
0.149
0.248
0.058
0.115
0.109
0.106
0.199
0.143
0.502
0.423
0.068
0.104
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Workload through this test was between 80% to
91%, so with this workload range the subjects
were expected to enter the anaerobic threshold,
and in most subjects it did happen with the de-
flection point.
The female football players group, which
at the end of the test displayed the value of 1.20
mmol/1, did not reach the anaerobic threshold,
thus for them this test was not anaerobic sensiti-
ve. In the contrary, those subjects whose lactate
values were 10.20 mmol/l have already entered
the anaerobic threshold so the Conconi test was
sensible enough for them. Taking into conside-
ration that the anaerobic threshold is reached
on the blood lactate level of 4 mmol, its values
should be monitored every three minutes, with
a purpose to avod too small or too big workload
in the test, due to the fact that the anaerobic
threshold in the Conconi test is reached earlier
with the values of the lactate than with the heart
rate deflection point.
In the light of all aforementioned one can
conclude that between the first and the second
group subjects there is no difference between
the heart rate at rest and in different levels of
workload, nor there is any difference in the level
of the blood lactate at rest, in workload and in
recovery, except for the values of heart rate in
the first workload of 50 W. This evidently leads
to a conclusion that both groups of subjects are
of the same functional abilities.
By analyzing of the obtained results we
can conclude that the numeric values of the
heart rate at rest are statistically significantly
lower in female handball players. This can be
explained by the fact that this group has a longer
sports training experience and the higher rank
of competition in the Challenge cup. Heart rates
during the workload have average lower valu-
es on all levels of workload in female football
players. This can be accounted for by a better
adaptation of the cardio-vascular system to ra-
pid increase of workload and later reaching of
the anaerobic threshold.
Heart rate values in the end of the test in
female football players were lower compared
to the values found in female handball players.
This does not mean that the female handball
players have shown better results because the
essence of the test is to reach the anaerobic thre-
shold on as much higher heart rate as possible,
and at the same time, to reach the lactate values
of 4 mmol/l as late as it’s possible, at the end of
the test. Female handball players finished their
test with high heart rates and with significantly
higher values of the blood lactate.
The average values of the level of lacta-
te at rest, under workload and in recovery are
lower in female football players. The statisti-
cally significant differences were not found in
any of the analyzed level. Normal lactate values
range from 1 to 1.7 mmol/1. Minimal values of
the blood lactate in both samples were within
the referential values, but maximal values were
higher than the average ones. Lower values of
the blood lactate at rest points to the fact that
an athlete is fully recovered from the previous
workload. On the contrary, if the athlete takes
up next training with the increased values of
the blood lactate there is a chance of sustaining
sports injuries. Therefore, the results obtained
in this research can help to shape the training
process so that by one noninvasive method one
can determine the anaerobic threshold and thus
to individualize the training process. In sports
such as football and basketball this method can
help in correcting the functional abilities of the
players and thus avoid the overloading and en-
hance reaching the optimal conditioning.
Tables 3. and 4. show the results of the
multivariate and univariate analyses of variance
between the female football players and female
handball players. On the univariate level the re-
searched variables heart rate at rest, and in wor-
kload and the blood lactate in rest, in workload
and in recovery, show statistically significant
difference only in FPUOP1 variable (heart rate
on the first level of workload). Namely, female
football players have statistically lower heart ra-
tes with the workload of 50 Watts in comparison
to the female handball players. This single va-
riable cannot individually influence the existen-
ce of the differences in the researched area.
On the basis of the research conducted on
a sample of 10 female football players and 8 fe-
male handball players the following conclusi-
ons can be drawn:
1. Research results of heart rate at rest and
in different workloads during the Conconi test
performed on cycle ergometer show that the nu-
merical values of the heart rate in workload and
in recovery are lower in female football players
when compared to female handball players. The
obtained differences are not statistically signi-
Mladenović Ćirić, I., et all.: CURENT PHYSICAL...
RIK 40( 2012) 2:169-176
175
ficant. Statistically significant difference was
determined only in the values of the heart rate
at rest.
1. Average values of the blood lactate at
rest, in workload and in recovery are lower in
female football players when compared to the
female handball players. This is not a statisti-
cally significant difference.
2. On the basis of the obtained results we
can draw a conclusion that the researched sam-
ples of the female football players and female
handball players are of the same functional abi-
lities.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our gratitude to
the Ministry of Education and Science for their
support in the project OI 179019 – „Biomechanic
efficiency in elite Serbian athletes“, and also to
the athletes who participated in this research.
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RIK 40( 2012) 2:169-176
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SOVREMENI FIZIKALNI PROTOKOLI NA
INVANZIVNOTO I NEINVANZIVNOTO ODREDUVAWE NA
ANAEROBNIOT PRAG VO TEKOT NA
CONCONI TESTOT
УДК: 796.332.015.574
(Originalen nau~en trud)
Ivana Mladenovi} ]iri}
1
, Sa{a Bubaw
1
, Sa{a Milenkovi}
1
,
Slobodan Stojiqkovi}
1
, Nata{a Brankovi}
1
i Ivona Stankovi}
2
1
Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe,
Ni{, Srbija
2
Univerzitet vo Ni{, Medicinski fakultet, Ni{, Srbija
Apstrakt
Celta na istra`uvaweto be{e da se prika`e zna~ewetto na sovremenite protoko-
li za odreduvawe na anaerobniot prag na invanzivnata i neinvanzivnata metoda vo
tekot na Konkoni (
CONCONI) testot. Pulsot i laktatite na teren, ovozmo`uvaat
detalna procenka na re`imot na rabotata (na metaboli~kata zona) vo koja sporti-
stot trenira, {to ne e mo`no samo vrz osnova na vrednostite na pulsot. Ovie pa-
rametri se merat vo miruvawe, vo tekot na optovaruvaweto (na laktatite po sekoj
interval na rabotata) i po oporavuvaweto. Na krajot se dobivaat krivi linii, kako
fiziolo{ko-metaboli~ki profil za sekoja individua. Istra`uvaweto e sprovede-
no na 10 fudbalerki i 10 rakometarki koi dobrovolno ja prifatija ovaa metoda na
ispituvawe. Za utvrduvawe na razlikite me|u fudbalerkite i rakometarkite, pri-
meneta e multivarijantna analiza na varijansata (
MANOVA). Vrz osnova na dobieni-
te rezultati konstatirano e deka me|u fudbalerkite i rakometrakite ne postoi ra-
zlika vo frekvencijata na pulsot vo miruvawe i na razli~no nivo na optovaruvawe,
kako i vo nivoto na laktatite vo miruvawe, optovaruvawe i oporavuvawe, osven vo
vrednostite na pulsot pri prvoto optovaruvawe od 50
W. Spored toa, utvrdeno e deka
fudbalerkite i rakometarkite imaat isto nivo na funkcionalni sposobnosti.
Klu~ni zborovi: frekvencija na srceto, laktati, fudbalerki,
rakometarki, funkcionalni sposobnosti,
multivarijantna analiza na varijansata
Correspondence:
Ivana Mladenović Ćirić
University of Niš
Faculty of sports and Physical Education
Čarnojevića 10A, 18000 Niš, Serbia
E - mail: ivanam@fsfv.ni.ac.rs
Mladenović Ćirić, I., et all.: CURENT PHYSICAL...
RIK 40( 2012) 2:169-176
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