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Vignato. Qizil: an Interpretation of District Six, Caves 109-121 in Gunei
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most secluded area in Qizil. The gorge was formed and then unceasingly
reshaped by the gushing rainwater which collects in the plateau above
and then finds its way out in this direction. After every collapse the newly
exposed façade weathers and erodes, to collapse and expose new sections
of the cliff, in a relentless process. The damage of the cliffs in the last few
centuries has been severe, as can be ascertained by briefly surveying the
area. We might safely assume that there were originally more caves the
few that remain. Hopefully those preserved, Caves 109, 109A and 109B,
are a significant sample. All damaged to a different degree, we can see
that although they are all different in plan and size they can all be assigned
to the meditation cave type. The most interesting feature is a row of four
meditation cells collectively called Cave 109B, carved in a very high posi-
tion and presently unreachable. The dimensions of the small and much
damaged Cave 109 suggest that it was a cell for individual meditation;
Cave 109A, the front part of which has collapsed. It is well plastered and
whitewashed and has the same shape and width as the tunnelled caves
of Subeši and Mazabaha, which are considered to be meditation cells for
collective meditation. If my interpretation of these caves is correct, the
area we are considering, the most remote in Qizil, was dedicated to medi-
tation (Fig. 11).
Figure 11. Cave 109A, actually four meditation cells, in its surroundings. The cells appear
as small dots at the centre of the cliff
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Vignato. Qizil: an Interpretation of District Six, Caves 109-121 in Gunei
Annali di Ca’ Foscari. Serie orientale, 52, 2016, pp. 145-172
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2 Analysis of Some Elements
2.1 Internal Stairways
A functional rock monastery was not simply the sum of a larger or smaller
number of caves and surface buildings, some of them decorated and others
were devoted to humbler functions. To be operative a monastery needed to
have its different parts – districts, groups and individual caves – connected
in a meaningful way. Regrettably, the structures that linked caves and groups
to one another are among the most damaged features of the site, not to men-
tion the most understudied. The types of structures referred to here can be
described as ‘connective architecture’ (McDonald 1986, pp. 32 ff.). Although
there are many forms of connective architecture – paths or walkways, as-
sembly spaces in the open, structures connecting a number of caves, tunnels
and stairways – this paper will only discuss one type, namely the internal
stairway, which is crucial to the understanding of District Six in Qizil.
In studying caves carved in a high position on a cliff, the first question
that needs to be considered is how they could be reached safely. Different
solutions were possible, and the cave-makers chose the one that could best
fit the nature and inclination of the cliff. The one preferred in District Six
was the internal stairway.
Internal stairways are stairways carved into the cliff; they are sloping
tunnels with carved steps, which made the ascent to an upper level of
the cliff easy and safe. This type of architecture was relatively common
in Qizil. In District Six there are three examples: the one climbing up to
Caves 110-111A, a second giving access to Caves 112-113A, which has
been numbered as Cave 113, and a third one leading to Caves 120-121.
Of the three internal stairways in District Six, the one giving access
to the group formed by Caves 110-111A is the best preserved and so its
construction is easier to understand. The collapse of a large section of
the cliff where this group was carved caused damage to the rock-carved
antechamber and the internal stairway – to an estimated depth of at least
two meters. This collapse exposed the inner stairway, but it remained
sufficiently safe to be kept in use (Fig. 9). A detailed reconstruction of
its original structure can be achieved from the extant features. From the
shape of the ceiling we know that it comprised two flights of stairs with a
landing between them. A lower short flight of stairs, perpendicular to the
cliff façade, led to the landing; from the left side of the landing, a second
longer flight, that ran parallel to the cliff façade, led to the antechamber
carved in front of the caves. The steps were not perfectly identical, the
riser height was 25 to 35 cm, while the tread depth was 35 to 40 cm. Based
on similar and better preserved internal stairways, we can assume that
the lower entrance was protected by a door; marks for the installation of
a second door at the top of the stairway are still clearly visible.
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The second is Cave 113, which is an internal stairway. It currently serves
as a channel for the flow of rainwater into Gunei and therefore almost all
evidence of its former use has been eroded. The steps are not easily dis-
cerned, likely why the official comprehensive catalogue of the Qizil caves
does not identify this cave correctly, recording it as a square cave. It con-
sists of two flights of steps and a landing. The entrance retains installation
marks for a door-frame. The first flight cuts straight into the cliff face to a
height and depth of approximately ten steps before coming to a landing.
A second, shorter, flight of steps then continues from the right side of the
landing (Fig. 12).
Figure 12. The left wall of stairway Cave 113. The steps have been almost completely
eliminated by the water gushing through, with few traces remaining in the lower section
of the wall. Notice the space appositively carved in the reveal for the open shutter, aiming
at allowing for the maximum width of the passage
Caves 120-121 were carved in a very high position on the cliff. The exterior
section has crumbled down almost completely, destroying the stairway
leading to the antechamber and the two caves that lead off it. Only a few
marks reveal the original situation. Relying on them and on the data of-
fered by the two other internal stairways described above, it can be as-