Doi: 10. 2306/scienceasia1513-1874. 2015. 41. 363
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ScienceAsia 41 (2015) 373
(c) caryopsis. Drawn by M. Norsaengsri. Inflorescence a panicle, loosely contracted, erect. Spikelets c. 2
× (6.5–)9–10 mm, obovate-lanceolate. Glumes c. 0.3 mm long, cup-shaped; sterile lemma (5–)6.5–7.5 mm long, more than half the length of the spikelet, linear, apex acuminate; fertile lemma c. 1.7 × (5–)8–10 mm, linear-lanceolate, boat-shaped, coriaceous, with a slightly irregularly granular sur- face; awn 5.5–12 mm long. Palea 7–10 mm long, much narrower and longer than lemma, similar in texture and surface. Thailand.— CENTRAL: Saraburi, Sahm Lan wa- terfall, 23 Nov. 2012, Sumanon & Traiperm 11 (BKF); Bangkok, 7 Oct. 1920, Kerr 4505 (K); SOUTH-EASTERN: Sa Kaeo, Aranya Pratet, 13 Sep. 1930, Put 3103 (BK, K); Chachoengsao, Krabin, Ban Keng, 7 Nov. 1930, Kerr 19780 (BK, K); Chan- thaburi, Tha Mai, Khlong Tanot, 17 Oct. 1967,
(K); PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat, Tha Sala, 13 Nov. 1971, T. Smitinand
(C); Phatthalung, Kaw Khao, Th. Sørensen, K. Larsen & B. Hansen 706 (C).
Distribution.— Malaysia and Thailand. Habitat and Ecology.— Growing in shade along streams in dry evergreen forest, from sea level up to 100 m elevation. Flowering from December until May. Vernacular name.— Ya-khao-tham. Conservation assessment.— This species was recorded from 11 locations and was frequently seen in the wild. In Thailand, its EOO and AOO are estimated as 176 194 km 2 and 44 km 2 , respectively. Each subpopulation seen in this study comprised one hundred or more individuals. It is not consid- ered to be subject to any particular threaten. We regard it as LC in Thailand. 4. Oryza rufipogon Griff., not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 5. 1851., t. 144, f. 2. Type: Tim s.n. (holotype CAL, n.v.; isotype K!).— O. fatua Trin. var. longearis- tata Ridl., Fl. Malay. Penin. 5: 252. 1925. Type: Malacca, Batu Berendam, 15 Nov. 1917, SF 2825
(holotype SING!; isotype K!).— O. sativa forma spontanea Auct., ex Backer in Blumea, Suppl. 53. 1946. Type: Indonesia, Java, Jawa Barat, Tjibeber, C.A. Backer 13408 (lectotype L!).— O. ni- vara Sharma & Shastry, Indian J. Genet. Pl. Breed. 25: 161. 1965., f. 2, 3. Type: India, Madhya Pradesh, Kandagarsh, 16 km S. of Raigarsh, 15 Oct. 1960, Sharmar 69 (holotype CAL, n.v.), Shamar 152 (topotype K!). Fig. 10
. Perennial, caespitose or stoloniferous herb. Culms up to 1 m long, decumbent and sometimes floating or ascending to erect, sometimes branching or rooting at base; nodes terete, glabrous. Leaf- sheath slightly loose, glabrous, auricles well de- fined, ciliate; ligules 6–21 mm long.
0.3–1.5
× 12–30 cm, linear, apex acute, lower sur- face glabrous, upper surface scabrous on nerves or glabrous on both sides and scabrous on mar- gins.
Inflorescence a panicle, loosely contracted, erect. Spikelets 2.5–3 × (6.5–)7(–10) mm, oblong, rarely elliptic, yellow, sometimes with dark red or purple dots at the apex, disarticulating. Glumes 0.3–0.4 mm long, cup-shaped; sterile lemma c. 0.8 × 1.5–3 mm long, less than half the length of the spikelet, lanceolate-acute; fertile lemma 1.5– 2 × (5.5–)6–8 mm, oblong, rarely elliptic-oblong, boat-shaped, coriaceous, with a regularly granular surface and with stiff hairs, apex with purplish or dark red spots, awn vary variable, 1.3–10 cm long, antrorsely scaberulous, stout, erect. Palea 0.8–
1 × (6–)6.5–8.5(–10) mm, similar in surface and texture but longer and narrower than the lemma, linear-oblong, cuspidate or acuminate with purplish or dark red spot at the apex. Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Mae Taeng, 12 Nov. 1922, Kerr 6667 (BM, K); Muang, 11 Nov. 1986, C. Phengklai & T. Smitinand 6041 www.scienceasia.org
374 ScienceAsia 41 (2015) Fig. 10 Oryza rufipogon Griff.: (a) habit; (b) spikelet; (c) opened spikelet showing stamens and pistil; (d, e) sterile lemmas; (f) lodicules and pistil. Drawn by M. Norsaengsri. (K); NORTH-EASTERN: Udon Thani, Nong Han, Ban Chiang, 28 Nov. 1988, Songkran /DAVaughan 086 /88/TNE75 (K); Nong Khai, Muang, 28 Nov. 1988, Songkran /DAVaughan 086/88/TNE84 (K), Songkran /DAVaughan 086/88/TNE85 (K); Sakon Nakhon, Tha Rae, 28 Nov. 1988, Songkran / DAVaughan 086 /88/TNE64 (K); EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima, Sung Noen, Si Kiew, 24 Nov. 1988, Songkran /DAVaughan 086/88/TNE1 (K); Paktong Chai, 24 Nov. 1988, Songkran /DAVaughan 086/ 88 /TNE2 (K); Chok Chai, Songkran/DAVaughan 086 /88/TNE3 (K), Songkran/DAVaughan 086/88 /TNE6 (K), Songkran/DAVaughan 086/88/TNE8 (K); Buri Ram, Prakhon Chai, 25 Nov. 1988, Songkran /DAVaughan 086/88/TNE11 (K), 086/88 /TNE12 (K); Surin, Muang, 26 Nov. 1988, Songkran /DAVaughan 086/88/TNE27 (K); SOUTH-WEST- ERN: Kanchanaburi, Ban Kao, 11 Nov. 1961, K. Larsen 8136 (C, K); Phetchaburi, 9 Nov. 1926, Kerr 11088 (BK, K); CENTRAL: Ang Thong, 28 Dec. 1929, Put 2584 (BK, BM, K); Bangkok, 7 Dec. 1919,
(BM, K); Bang Khen, 14 Nov. 1965, M. Tagawa & K. Iwatsuki T.267 (K); SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri, 6 Nov. 1984, H.D. Catling s.n. (K); Chon Buri, Laemchabang, 22 Nov. 1927, D.J. Collins 1897 (K); Chanthaburi, 25 Nov. 1970, Lazarides 7460 (C, K, L); Khao Phra Bat, 27 Aug. 1972, K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, I. Nielson & T. Santisuk 32126 (AAU, K, L); PENINSULAR: Narathiwat, Su Ngai Paadee, Paa Wai, 10 Oct. 1988, C. Niyomdham 1939 (AAU, K). Distribution.— Also occurring in Myanmar, China, Laos, and Malaysia. Habitat and Ecology.— Occurring in moist places in forests, and a common weed of paddy fields. Vernacular name.— Ya-khao-phi. Conservation assessment.— This species was recorded from 66 locations across the entire country, giving an EOO of 641 056 km 2 and an AOO of 216 km 2 . It was frequently seen growing as a weed of paddy fields. Its subpopulations tend to be large and widely dispersed. It does not face any threat in Thailand. It is regarded as LC in Thailand.
L., Sp. Pl. 1: 333. 1753; Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan 605. 1960; Phan. Mono. Tom. 12: 184. 1980; Fl. Ceylon 8: 328. 1994; Fl. China 22: 183. 2006. Type: Hb.
(holotype LINN!). Fig. 11 .
herb. Culms up to 1.5 m tall or more, erect to ascending, sometimes branching or rooting at nodes or at the base; nodes terete, glabrous. Leaf- sheath slightly loose, smooth with ciliate auricles; ligules 8–20 mm long; leaf-blades 0.8–2 cm wide and up to 30 cm long, linear-acute, scabrous on both sides and margins. Inflorescence a panicle, loosely contracted.
2.5–3(–5) × 7–10(– 12) mm, oblong to oblong-ovate or slightly obovate, yellow, brownish or dark purple, persistent. Glumes c. 0.5 mm long, cup-shaped; sterile lemma 0.5– 0.8 × 1.5—3.5 mm, lanceolate-acute, less than half the length of the spikelet; fertile lemma 2–2.5 × 6–
8.5(–11) mm, oblong, rarely elliptic-oblong, boat- shaped, coriaceous, with a regularly granular sur- face and with stiff hairs, apex without purplish or dark red spots, awnless, apex acute, acuminate or cuspidate, up to 5 mm long, or sometimes occasion- ally awned. Palea 0.8–1 × 6–9(–10.5) mm, similar in surface and texture but longer and narrower than the lemma, linear-oblong, acute, mucronate, without purplish or dark red spots at the apex. www.scienceasia.org
ScienceAsia 41 (2015) 375
(c) ligule; (d) spikelet; (e) opened spikelet showing stigmas and anthers; (f) lodicules and pistil; (g) caryopsis. Drawn by M. Norsaengsri. Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Doi Sutep, 18 Oct. 1914, Kerr 3419 (BM, K), 3420 (BM, K), 3421 (BM), 3422 (BM, K); 11 Nov. 1914, 3454 (BM, K), 3456 (BM, K); 12 Nov. 1914, 3457 (BM, K), 3460 (BM, K); NORTH-EASTERN: Kalasin, 13 Oct. 1990, P. Chantaranothai & John Parnell 90 /675 (K); CENTRAL: Bangkok, Pak Nam, 25 Feb. 1923, Kerr s.n. (BM); PENINSULAR: Surat Thani, Khao Sok, 30 Nov. 1986, C. Niyomdham 1281 (C, K, L); Narathiwat, Tak Bai, Kuu Chum, 9 Apr. 1988, C. Niyomdham & W. Ueachirakan 1793 (AAU, C, K, L), 1794 (AAU, C, K, L), 1795 (C, K), 1796 (AAU, C, K). Distribution.— Widely cultivated in tropical, subtropical and temperate Asia, and elsewhere around the world. Habitat and Ecology.— A domesticated cultivar. Vernacular name.— Khao. Uses.— Grown for its nutritious grain. Conservation assessment.— A conservation as- sessment was not conducted because this is an arti- ficially abundant, man-made cultivar.
L., Sp. Pl. 2: 991. 1753; Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan 606. 1960; Phan. Mono. Tom. 12: 184. 1980; Fl. China 22: 186. 2006. Type species: Z. aquatica, Prop. Brit. Bot. 188. 1929. Annual, aquatic herbs. Leaf sheaths inflated, spongy; leaf blades linear lanceolate or lanceolate.
a panicle. Spikelets unisexual, nar- rowly cylindric, not flattened, 1-floret.
absent.
Lemma membranous, 5-nerved, keeled, awned. Palea smaller and shorter than the lemma, 3-nerved. Grains terete. The genus of 4 species distributed in eastern Asia including Indo-China 16 ; one species occurs in southern Thailand as a cultivated vegetable. 1. Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Turcz. ex Stapf in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1909: 385. 1909; Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan 606. 1960; Phan. Mono. Tom. 12: 185. 1980; Fl. China 22: 186. 2006.
Type: Russia: Davuria, in lacubus ad confluxum fluviorum Schilka et Argun, 1833, Turczaninow s.n. (holotype LE!; isotypes L!, LE sev- eral duplicates).— Hydropyrum latifolium Griseb., in Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 466. 1853.— Z. aquatica var. latifolia (Griseb.) Kom., Fl. Manschur. 1: 261. 1901.
Fig. 12 . Annual aquatic herb, up to c. 1 m tall. Leaf blade c. 3–4
× 70–90 cm, apex aristate, margins entire, parallel veined and with a prominent midrib, continuous with the leaf sheath and demarcated by a collar; flag leaf below the panicle, smaller than normal leaves. Inflorescence c. 45 cm long, a large panicle, terminal, erect, numerous spikelets, unisexual florets, the lower spikelets of panicle con- sist of male florets, the upper spikelets consist of female florets. Male floret 1.5–2 cm long, longer than female spikelets, long awned from tip of the lemma, 3–4 cm long. Female floret 1–1.5 cm long, awned from the tip of the lemma, awn 0.5–1 cm long. Caryopsis dark brown. Thailand.— CENTRAL: Bangkok, Bangkhen, 10 Sep. 1974, Umpai 508A (BK). Distribution.— In addition to Thailand, this species occurs in India, Myanmar, China, Japan, Laos, Cambodia, and Malaysia. Habitat and Ecology.— A cultivated crop. Vernacular name.— No-mai-nam. www.scienceasia.org
376 ScienceAsia 41 (2015) Fig. 12 Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Turcz. ex Stapf: (a) habit; (b) spikelet; (c, d) lemma; (e, f) palea. Drawn by M. Norsaengsri. Uses.— Cultivated for its edible young shoots. Conservation assessment.— A conservation as- sessment was not conducted because this is an arti- ficially abundant, man-made cultivar.
: We would like to thank the direc- tors and curators of the following herbaria for providing herbarium specimens in this study: AAU, BK, BKF, BM, C, K, K-W, KKU, L, and QBG. The authors are grateful to the anonymous referees for valuable comments to improve our manuscript. The first author wishes to thank the Development and Promotion of Science and Tech- nology Talented Project of Thailand (DPST) for funding this study while she was at Kew in 2008–2010. Dave Simpson is gratefully acknowledged for supporting this work.
This study project was supported by Mahidol University. Phanom Sutthisaksopon, Teerawat Srisuk, Woranart Thammarong, and Haruthai Hemadhulin are thanked for providing colour photos.
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