Education of the republic of uzbekistan termez state university foreign philology faculty the department of english language and literature

Non-binary and third genders

Historically, most societies have recognized only two distinct, broad classes of gender roles, a binary of masculine and feminine, largely corresponding to the biological sexes of male and female.^[8][58][59] When a baby is born, society allocates the child to one gender or the other, on the basis of what their genitals resemble.^[54]
However, some societies have historically acknowledged and even honored people who fulfill a gender role that exists more in the middle of the continuum between the feminine and masculine polarity. For example, the Hawaiian māhū, who occupy "a place in the middle" between male and female,^[60][61] or the Ojibwe ikwekaazo, "men who choose to function as women",^[62] or ininiikaazo, "women who function as men".^[62] In the language of the sociology of gender, some of these people may be considered third gender, especially by those in gender studies or anthropology. Contemporary Native American and FNIM people who fulfill these traditional roles in their communities may also participate in the modern, two-spirit community,^[63] however, these umbrella terms, neologisms, and ways of viewing gender are not necessarily the type of cultural constructs that more traditional members of these communities agree with.^[64]
The hijras of India and Pakistan are often cited as third gender.^[65][66] Another example may be the muxe (pronounced [ˈmuʃe]), found in the state of Oaxaca, in southern Mexico.^[67] The Bugis people of Sulawesi, Indonesia have a tradition that incorporates all the features above.^[68]
In addition to these traditionally recognized third genders, many cultures now recognize, to differing degrees, various non-binary gender identities. People who are non-binary (or genderqueer) have gender identities that are not exclusively masculine or feminine. They may identify as having an overlap of gender identities, having two or more genders, having no gender, having a fluctuating gender identity, or being third gender or other-gendered. Recognition of non-binary genders is still somewhat new to mainstream Western culture,^[69] and non-binary people may face increased risk of assault, harassment, and discrimination.^[70]