Education of the republic of uzbekistan termez state university foreign philology faculty the department of english language and literature



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Gender in Modern English and the means by which it can be expressed

Non-human animals


According to biologist Michael J. Ryan, gender identity is a concept exclusively applied to humans.[122] Also, in a letter Ellen Ketterson writes, "[w]hen asked, my colleagues in the Department of Gender Studies agreed that the term gender could be properly applied only to humans, because it involves one's self-concept as man or woman. Sex is a biological concept; gender is a human social and cultural concept."[123] However, Poiani (2010) notes that the question of whether behavioural similarities across species can be associated with gender identity or not is "an issue of no easy resolution",[124] and suggests that mental states, such as gender identity, are more accessible in humans than other species due to their capacity for language.[125] Polani suggests that the potential number of species with members possessing a gender identity must be limited due to the requirement for self-consciousness.[126]
Jacques Balthazart suggests that "there is no animal model for studying sexual identity. It is impossible to ask an animal, whatever its species, to what sex it belongs."[127] He notes that "this would imply that the animal is aware of its own body and sex, which is far from proved", despite recent research demonstrating sophisticated cognitive skills among non-human primates and other species.[128] Hird (2006) has also stated that whether or not non-human animals consider themselves to be feminine or masculine is a "difficult, if not impossible, question to answer", as this would require "judgements about what constitutes femininity or masculinity in any given species". Nonetheless, she asserts that "non-human animals do experience femininity and masculinity to the extent that any given species' behaviour is gender segregated."[129]
Despite this, Poiani and Dixson emphasise the applicability of the concept of gender role to non-human animals[124] such as rodents[130] throughout their book.[131] The concept of gender role has also been applied to non-human primates such as rhesus monkeys.[132][133]

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