Ekstensiv lesing

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Bibliotekarstudentens nettleksikon om litteratur og medier

Av Helge Ridderstrøm (førsteamanuensis ved Høgskolen i Oslo og Akershus)

Sist oppdatert 29.08.16

Ekstensiv lesing

Omfattende og rask lesing av store mengder tekster/bøker for å få kunnskaper,

underholdes m.m., dvs. en “konsumerende” lesing (i motsetning til intensiv lesing,

som er langsom, repeterende og gjelder få, spesielt utvalgte tekster/bøker).

Lesing kan være en “profan” handling, altså forbundet med verdslige interesser, i

motsetning til “sakral” (Plaul 1983 s. 42). I middelalderen oppstod det en rekke

universiteter i Europa. Ved disse institusjonene måtte professorer og studenter lese

mye og raskt (Quinsat 1990 s. 267). Ekstensiv lesing ble først vanlig i universitets-

miljøer.

Den ekstensive lesemåten slo igjennom blant borgerskapet i Europa i årene mellom

1750 og 1850 (Chartier 2003 s. 92). Tekstene blir lest raskere enn i tidligere

perioder, lest innenat av hvert enkelt individ (eller ved høytlesing i grupper),

mindre ærbødig og ikke som del av et fromhetsønske. Det leses mye, og nærmest

på en “likeglad” eller respektløs måte sammenlignet med den intensive lesemåten.

Trykte tekster blir stadig vanligere og billigere fra 1700-tallet, og disse tekstene

leses/brukes i økt tempo. Det skjer et “secular change as a revolutionary transition

from ‘intensive’ to ‘extensive’ reading” (Wittmann 1999 s. 285).

“For the first time the bourgeoisie now had at its disposal enough time and

purchasing power for reading. Reading acquired an emancipatory function, and

became a productive social force: it expanded one’s moral and intellectual horizon.

It made of the reader a useful member of society, allowed him to command his

range of duties better, and was even an aid to his social career. The printed word

became the vehicle of bourgeois culture.” (Wittmann 1999 s. 287-288) “Quiet and

relaxation while reading were now regarded as bourgeois virtues and as the

prerequisite for aesthetic appreciation. By no longer putting himself at the mercy of

the text, the reader remained master of himself and consequently free to interact

with the text in a controlled way.” (Wittmann 1999 s. 298)

Leseren “konsumerer” mye lesestoff, ofte av forskjellig slag. Det leses raskt og

“grådig” (Cavallo og Chartier 2001 s. 35). Den ekstensive leser kjennetegnes ofte

av kritisk sans, tvilrådighet og mistenksomhet (eller direkte respektløshet). Det

dreier seg om en sammenlignende og konfronterende måte å lese på (Cavallo og

Chartier 2001 s. 41). Leseren kan trekke ut sitater og eksempler for å bruke i ulike

sammenhenger, og på andre måter bruke tekstene til egen, verdslig dannelse.

Bokhistorikeren Robert Darnton skriver, basert på en tysk forsker: “De som følger

Rolf Engelsings ideer, hevder gjerne at lesevanene ble forvandlet på slutten av

1700-tallet. Før denne “Leserevolution” pleide lesere å arbeide seg møysommelig

gjennom et lite antall tekster, særlig Bibelen, igjen og igjen. Etterpå raste de

gjennom all slags materiale, på jakt etter underholdning snarere enn oppbyggelse.

Forandringen fra intensiv til ekstensiv lesning falt sammen med en desakralisering

av det trykte ord. Verden begynte å bli overfylt av lesestoff, og tekster ble etter

hvert behandlet som varer man kunne kassere, som gårsdagens avis.” (Darnton

sitert fra Rem 2003 s. 64) Forskning viser imidlertid også at mange lesere fortsatte

(og fortsetter) å praktisere intensiv lesing, f.eks. med almanakker og rådgivings-

bøker. Og “ ‘intensive’, repetitive reading could be a ritual devoid of meaning,

while ‘extensive’ reading could be performed with passionate intensity” (Wittmann

1999 s. 286).

John Brewers kapittel i The Practice and Representation of Reading in England

(1996; redigert av Raven, Small og Tadmor) “refutes the grand claims of a ‘reading

revolution’ (the shift from the intensive reading of a few books, to the extensive

reading of many books), proposed by theorists such as Rolf Engelsing, by

demonstrating that Larpent [britiske Anna Larpent levde i årene 1758-1832 og

skrev dagbok gjennom store deler av sitt liv] engaged in both types of reading, and

many others besides (such as reading aloud).” (Towheed, Crone og Halsey 2011 s.

“Recovering the history of reading is Darnton’s goal, and he sees both macro- and

microanalysis as useful approaches, the former being the study of conditions across

broad geographic and temporal spaces […] One microanalytic book historian, Rolf

Engelsing, has proposed a general model, suggesting that a Leserevolution

(“reading revolution”) took place at the end of the eighteenth century (165), which

aligns with the aforementioned macroanalytical claims. Engelsing argues that

people read “intensively” before about 1750, rereading the same few books over

and over. By 1800, though, reading became more “extensive,” as individuals read a

much wider array of materials, constantly moving on to new items. Darnton

believes Engelsing’s thesis is too one-directional, but he admits the possibility that

“a fundamental shift in the nature of reading took place at the end of the eighteenth

century” (167). It might not have been a revolution, but it was the end of the “Old

Regime” (167).” (http://www.ualberta.ca/~dmiall/Empirical_Studies/Darnton_

1990.htm; lesedato 03.06.16)

“German historian Rolf Engelsing has identified a Leserevolution, or reading

revolution, in the second half of the eighteenth century. A new breed of avid reader

emerged. […] In Rolf Engelsing’s account, “extensive” reading came at a high

cost. According to Engelsing, in their pursuit of commodified amusement, people

began to read a text only once before racing to the latest work. They also read more

critically as texts lost their privileged status of sacredness and authority. In

Engelsing’s anxiety about the expansion of extensive reading and the

desacralization of the printed word, we can see some familiar oppositional pairs

that reappear in other context: deep reading versus superficial reading; active

engagement with a central canonical text versus passive consumption of a stream of

ephemeral materials whose apparent novelty conceals the fact that they are

essentially the same commodified and repeated product” (Ross, McKechnie og

Rothbauer 2006 s. 30-31).

“Middle-class intellectuals started to practise a new, extensive form of reading that

was fostered in particular by the newssheets. Education was a desirable acquisition,

and they had the money for books and time to read them. In the eighteenth century

small, unbound books were also affordable for lower social classes. Towards the

end of the century a decisive change took place in publishing and among the

cultivated book-reading public. Fashions such as reading al fresco [dvs. utendørs]

or the ‘Werther fever’ (after Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s novel Die Leiden des

jungen Werthers

published in 1774) gripped Vienna. Women in particular changed

their reading habits: in edifying weeklies and almanacs they were given access to

literature and developed a flourishing culture of correspondence. Innovations such

as smaller book formats or modern reading furniture facilitated reading. The

proportion of specialized religious, legal and medical literature diminished. Instead,

the numbers of publications in the fields of philosophy, pedagogy, natural sciences

and economics rose as a result of interest from trade and commerce and from the

diversification of scientific disciplines and institutions and the book production

associated with this. Novels were the favourite reading matter of the late eighteenth

century. The new reading public consisted predominantly of members of the

propertied and educated middle classes but also included labourers and artisans.

The hunger for reading material was satisfied in particular by lending libraries. The

Cabinet littéraire

de Vienne owned by Thomas von Trattner carried more than

2,000 works in French. However, all lending libraries were banned in Austria

between 1799 and 1811. Nonetheless, in coffee houses and even in some beer

taverns pamphlets and newspapers were readily available.” (Julia Teresa Friehs i

http://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/i-want-more-revolution-reading-eighteenth-

century; lesedato 20.05.16)

Målet for ekstensiv lesingen er kunnskaper, opplevelser og dannelse. Lesingen skal

være nyttig (Cavallo og Chartier 2001 s. 140). Leseren har en encyklopedisk

innstilling til sakprosatekster (Cavallo og Chartier 2001 s. 151) ved at hver tekst

fungerer som en brikke som brukes til å fylle et tentativt helhetsbilde. Ekstensiv

lesing kan være mer konsulterende enn faktisk gjennomlesing (Barbier 2000 s.

177), og forutsetter stor tilgang på bøker, f.eks. gjennom lån i leiebibliotek fra og

med 1700-tallet.

Byborgere (og noen av deres tjenere) på 1700-tallet “enjoyed the necessary

preconditions for reading: namely, that precious resource, light, together with brief

times for reading throughout the day, and often when there were free meals and

lodging, a small budget for a lending library too. By emulating the ruling class, the

workers also acquired its fashionable reading habits, in particular its extensive

consumption of belles-lettres. In the city the printed word was a natural component

part of daily urban life: posters on houses, public notices on walls, town criers and

market criers with their declarations, the ubiquitous newspapers in the smoke

rooms and taverns. In the progressive England of 1740, Richardson’s Pamela [en

brevroman som ble en bestselger; hovedpersonen er tjenestejenta Pamela] was

already regarded as the ‘culture-heroine of a very powerful sisterhood of literate

and leisured waiting-maids’. After an interval of several decades, this literary

emancipation came about in Germany as well.” (Wittmann 1999 s. 291)

“In 1781 a Viennese author noted a true passion for belles-lettres among

chambermaids: ‘Not satisfied with this alone, they also play the part of sentimental

souls, demand the right to belles-lettres, read comedies, novels and poems

conscientiously, and learn entire scenes, passages or verses off by heart, and even

argue about the sorrows of young Werther.’ These reading tastes could no longer

be disciplined by a moralizing work like the Little Book of Morals for the People

(Lavater, 1773). Long hours of idleness on guard duty encouraged reading in the

urban army, as one observer lamented in 1780: ‘Even the musketeers in the large

towns have library books brought to them at the main guardroom.’ Apart from

novels, the preferred reading materials in the garrisons were racy stories and

pamphlets.” (Towheed, Crone og Halsey 2011 s. 41-42) Johann Kaspar Lavater var

en sveitsisk teolog og filosof.

I boka Appell til min nasjon: Om den tyske litteraturs pest (1795) advarte tyskeren

Johann Georg Heinzmann mot vanelesing som går over i eksess. Om den franske

hovedstaden skrev han: “I Paris leser alle […] Alle slags folk – og spesielt

kvinnene – har en bok i lomma. Man leser i vogner, på promenade, på teatret

mellom aktene, på kafé, i badet. I butikkene leser både kvinnene, barna, de ansatte

og lærlingene. På søndager leser folk sittende foran portene sine; tjenerne leser på

de bakerste benkene, kuskene på setene sine, soldatene når de går på vakt …”

(sitert fra Cavallo og Chartier 2001 s. 356)

I sin epistel nr. 3 skrev Ludvig Holberg at det på 1700-tallet skrives “fleere Bøger i

et Aar, end fordum udi 10 eller 20” og “det er vanskelig at hitte paa Materier, som

af andre forhen ikke ere udførte, saa maa de gamle Sager omkaages, og støbes i

anden Form”. Rundt år 1800 ble det i Tyskland i noen kretser reist kritikk mot den

omfattende lesingen: Altfor omfattende lesing fratar verkene deres verdighet

(“Würde”) som autoriteter. Spesielt var det farlig for kvinner i drive ekstensiv

lesing, fordi kvinnene var “de som har langt flere ledige timer til tidsfordriv enn

mennene, og det er kvinnene som med sin livligere ånd og sterkere fantasi kun

sjelden og med ulyst dveler ved alvorlige ting” (anonym kilde fra 1795, sitert fra

Kittler 1987 s. 148).

Forskeren Reinhard Wittmann har funnet en beskrivelse av “a day described by

Luise Mejer in 1784, in a letter to her friend Heinrich Christian Boie. She worked

as a lady’s companion at Tremsbüttel in Holstein, at the residence of the Countess

of Stolberg, whose husband and brother-in-law were successful writers: “Breakfast

is at ten o’clock. Then Stolberg reads out a chapter from the Bible, and a song from

Klopstock’s Lieder. Everyone retires to his or her bedroom. Then I dip into the

Spectator

or Physiognomy, and a few books the Countess has given me. She comes

downstairs while Lotte translates, and I spend an hour reading her Lavater’s

Pontius Pilate

. While she has her Latin lesson, I copy for her or read myself until

dinner is served. After dinner and coffee, Fritz reads from the Lebensläufen, then

Lotte comes downstairs and I read Milton with her for an hour. Then we go back

upstairs and I read to the Count and Countess from Plutarch until teatime at around

nine o’clock. After tea Stolberg reads a chapter from the Bible and one of

Klopstock’s Lieder, then it’s ‘goodnight’.” Luise Mejer assessed this excessive

kind of reading, which was both intensive and extensive in character, as follows:

‘Here people are stuffed with reading matter in the same way that geese are stuffed

with noodles.’ ” (Towheed, Crone og Halsey 2011 s. 45)

“Too Much to Read: Intensive versus Extensive Reading. Suppose you own seven

pairs of shoes. To use them equally, you wear each pair fifty-two times a year. Now

say you possess 365 sets of shoes. (Imelda Marcos, wife of a disgraced president of

the Philippines, is reputed to have accumulated well over 1000.) If you wear one

each day, at the end of the year, you have only managed to use each pair once. The

same principle applies to information. As Ann Blair explains in Too Much to Know

[2010], early modern England experienced an explosion of new information and

knowledge. Forays into science, geographic exploration, and discoveries of other

cultures generated a wellspring of data – and books. Intellectuals of the time

devised strategies for making their way through the deluge, including creating

encyclopedias and compendia of selections. But the most obvious solution was,

Don’t read everything. As Francis Bacon famously wrote in his 1625 essay “Of

Studies,” Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be

chewed and digested: that is, some books are to be read only in parts, others to be

read, but not curiously, and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and

attention.” (Naomi S. Baron i http://www.american.edu/ctrl/upload/Does_Mobile_

Matter.pdf; lesedato 18.04.16)

“Over time, the challenge of “too much to read” increased. By the mid-eighteenth

century, western Europe saw the rise of what came to be known as print culture.

The literate population expanded, as did book production. About 400 different titles

were published in England between 1500-1510. By 1790, that figure had risen to

about 60,000. […] Between 1750 and 1770, about 600 different novels were

published. That number rose to about 1,400 by 1770-1780. Periodical literature was

also expanding. […] Sales of newspapers in England surged. England’s first daily

paper, the Daily Courant, appeared in 1702. Estimated sales in 1704 were 43,000

copies per week. By 1753, these numbers rose to 23,673 copies per day. […]

newspaper production and readership soared. Even authors complained, as when

Charles Lamb wrote in 1825 (in “Readers Against the Grain”), “No reading can

keep pace with the writing of this age.” ” (Naomi S. Baron i http://www.american.

edu/ctrl/upload/Does_Mobile_Matter.pdf; lesedato 27.04.16)

“By 1800 men were reading “extensively”. They read all kinds of material,

especially periodicals and newspapers, and read it only once, then raced on to the

next item. David Hall suggests a similar transition occurred in America. Even if

you were going to read extensively – reading many things but only once – you still

needed strategies for sorting through the mountain of material. One tack was to

read less of each work. This solution could be accomplished by reading either an

abridgment of the original or an anthologized selection. Early novels were ideal for

abridgment. Not surprisingly, [Samuel] Richardson’s second novel, Clarissa

(which contained close to a million words), appeared in abridged form soon after

the original was published in 1748. Abridgement (or condensation, which often

entails some rewriting of the original) continues to this day, in forms ranging from

Reader’s Digest to SparkNotes. The latter decades of the eighteenth century saw a

proliferation of anthologies.” (Naomi S. Baron i http://www.american.edu/ctrl/

upload/Does_Mobile_Matter.pdf; lesedato 24.08.16)

Ekstensiv lesing dominerer i det 21. århundre, og er spesielt vanlig med digitale

tekster som skumleses eller leses kun raskt én gang. “Several digital trends do

suggest that digital screens encourage one-off reading. Start with power browsing.

Digital devices are commonly used for surfing the web – moving from site to site

without lingering to read entire pages. It’s hardly surprising that readers adopt

similar patterns when confronted with extended prose. […] A third instance of

digital media encouraging one-off reading is one-off reading by default, since many

web pages don’t permit copying or printing. […] We also need to ask whether

digital devices themselves – especially mobile ones – are associated with one-off

reading because digital platforms are well-suited to text you don’t intend to return

to. If you plan to read a book more than once, buy a physical copy. If once is

enough, a virtual copy will do.” (Naomi S. Baron i http://www.american.edu/ctrl/

upload/Does_Mobile_Matter.pdf; lesedato 24.08.16)

“The sources of one-off reading in contemporary culture are many. The trend away

from intensive (multiple) reading to extensive (one-off) reading traces back several

centuries. Economic factors are also relevant. If goods are inexpensive (like

paperbacks or eBooks), we might purchase more than we end up reading (much as

a lot of us don’t use all the other products we buy). When students rent or sell back

textbooks, reading necessarily becomes one-off. Reading patterns – and

pedagogical directions – also evolve. In the late-nineteenth century, western Europe

and North American were awash in large readerships consuming hefty tomes.

Today, in-depth reading has waned, and educational emphasis is shifting from

knowing to knowing how to locate information. Mobile technology is tailor-made

for the contemporary reading milieu. While mobile devices are hardly the root of

one-off reading, their very portability encourages it. Storing multiple volumes –

and downloading or connecting to new text – is easy. So is reading snippets at a

time.” (Naomi S. Baron i http://www.american.edu/ctrl/upload/Does_Mobile_

Matter.pdf; lesedato 07.06.16)

Begrepet “ekstensiv lesing” brukes også om hurtiglesing og trening i rask lesing i

pedagogisk sammenheng. “In everyday life, to read extensively means to read

widely and in quantity. In the early part of this century [1900-tallet], extensive

reading took on a special meaning in the context of teaching modern languages.

Pioneers such as Harold Palmer in Britain and Michael West in India worked out

the theory and practice of extensive reading as an approach to foreign language

teaching in general, and to the teaching of foreign language reading in particular.

Palmer chose the term extensive reading to distinguish it from intensive reading

(1968, p. 137; 1964, p. 113). The dichotomy is still a useful one. […] Extensive

reading, in contrast, is generally associated with reading large amounts with the

aim of getting an overall understanding of the material. Readers are more

concerned with the meaning of the text than the meaning of individual words or

sentences. Palmer, incidentally, saw the pedagogic value of both types of reading.

[…] In general terms, reading is no different from other learned human abilities

such as driving, cooking, playing golf, or riding a bicycle: the more you do it, the

more fluent and skillful you become.” (Julian Bamford og Richard R. Day i http://

jalt-publications.org/old_tlt/files/97/may/extensive.html; lesedato 24.05.16)

“Extensive reading is reading as much as possible, for your own pleasure, at a

difficulty level at which you can read smoothly and quickly without looking up

words or translating to English as you go. In other words, instead of spending a half

hour decoding a tiny part of one book (also known as intensive reading), you read

many simpler books that are at or slightly below the level at which you read

fluently. […]

Start with stories that are well below your fluent reading level, and while reading,

follow these principles:

1. Don’t look up words in the dictionary.

2. Skip over parts you don’t understand.

3. If you aren’t enjoying one book, toss it aside and get another.

[…] Stopping to look up a word, even if it doesn’t take you very long, breaks your

concentration, but if you read many basic books without a dictionary, you gain the

ability to figure out words from context almost instantly and read quickly.”

(http://joechip.net/extensivereading/what-is-extensive-reading/; lesedato 23.05.16)

Litteraturlista til hele leksikonet:

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Alle artiklene i leksikonet:

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