Electric Propulsion for Future Space Missions Part I bryan Palaszewski



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Electric Propulsion for Future Space Missions Part I

  • Bryan Palaszewski

  • Digital Learning Network

  • NASA Glenn Research Center

  • at Lewis Field


Introduction

  • Why electric propulsion?

    • Types
    • Applications
  • Some history

  • Future missions and vehicles

  • A very cool future



Solar Electric Propulsion Module



Why High Exhaust Velocity Is Important



Chemical & Electric Propulsion Have Intrinsic Differences



Solar and Nuclear Electric Propulsion Subsystems



Electric Propulsion Historical Overview

  • 1903 -- K. E. Tsiolkovsky derived the “Tsiolkovsky” or “Rocket” Equation commonly used to show the benefits of electric propulsion

  • 1906 -- R. Goddard wrote about the possibility of electric rockets

  • 1911 -- K. E. Tsiolkovsky independently wrote about electric rockets

  • 1929 -- World’s first electric thruster demonstrated by V. P. Glushko at the Gas Dynamics Laboratory in Lenningrad

  • 1960 -- First “broad-beam” ion thruster operated in the U.S. at the NASA Lewis (now Glenn) Research Center



Electric Propulsion Historical Overview

  • 1964 -- First successful sub-orbital demonstration of an ion engine (SERT I) by the U.S.

  • 1964 -- First use of an electric thruster on an interplanetary probe (Zond 2) by the USSR

  • 1970 -- Long duration test of mercury ion thrusters in space (SERT II) by the U.S.

  • 1972 -- First operation of a xenon stationary plasma thruster (SPT-50) in space (Meteor) by the USSR

  • 1993 -- First use of hydrazine arcjets on a commercial communications satellite (Telstar 401) by the U.S.



The First Electric Thruster

  • Developed by V. P Glushko at the Gas Dynamics Laboratory in Lenningrad, 1929 - 1933

  • Solid and Liquid Conductors Were Vaporized by High Current Discharges in the Plenum Chamber and Expanded Through the Nozzle

  • Power Provided by 40 kV, 4 mF Capacitors



Types Of Electric Thrusters

  • Electrostatic

    • Ion
    • Hall
  • Electrothermal

    • Arcjet
    • Resistojet
  • Electromagnetic

    • Magneto plasma dynamic (MPD)
    • Many others


Types Of Electric Thrusters



Ion Thruster



Ion Thruster



Ion Thruster Layout



Hall Thruster



Hall Thruster



Hydrazine Arcjet



Arcjet Thruster



Arcjet Thruster



Magneto Plasma Dynamic (MPD) Thruster



Magneto Plasma Dynamic (MPD) Thruster



Pulsed Plasma Thruster



Pulsed Plasma Thruster



Pulsed Plasma Thruster



NASA Glenn Electric Propulsion Laboratory (EPL)



NASA Glenn Electric Propulsion Laboratory (EPL) Contributions

  • On September 23, 2001, the Deep Space 1 ion thruster set a record of 16,000 hrs. of operation while propelling the spacecraft on its encounter with Comet Borrelly.

  • In preparation of MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging (MESSENGER) probe mission, VF-6 was used to characterize components under a 10-sun solar insolation environment.

  • On December 3, 2000, hollow cathodes, which were developed at GRC and tested in VF-5 as part of the Plasma Contactor Unit, began protecting the International Space Station from harmful space plasma voltage potentials.



NASA Glenn Electric Propulsion Laboratory (EPL) Contributions

  • A refractive secondary concentrator (RSC) achieved temperatures of 1455 Kelvin with an 87% throughput in VF-6.

  • On January 4, 2002, a pulsed plasma thruster on Earth Observing 1 demonstrated a highly fuel efficient method of controlling spacecraft attitude and "pointability."

  • Conducted first integrated solar dynamic system test from solar input to electrical power in VF-6.



Jupiter



Saturn



Uranus



Neptune



Neptune and Ion Thruster



Pluto



Deep Space 1



Deep Space 1 Thruster / Spacecraft Compatibility Testing



Deep Space 1 Thruster



Launch of Deep Space 1

  • Launch of Deep Space 1

  • Boeing Delta II (7326) Rocket

  • October 24, 1998



DS-1 Trajectory



Autonomous Navigation



Comet Borrelly



Comet Borrelly



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