Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development 8 successive stages over the lifespanAddresses bio, social, situational, personal influencesCrisis: must adaptively or maladaptively cope with task in each developmental stage- Respond adaptively: acquire strengths needed for next developmental stage
- Respond maladaptively: less likely to be able to adapt to later problems
Basic strengths: Motivating characteristics and beliefs that derive from successful resolution of crisis in each stage
Stage 1: Basic Trust vs. Mistrust Birth to age 1Totally dependent on othersCaregiver meets needs: child develops trustCaregiver does not meet needs: child develops mistrustBasic strength: Hope- Belief our desires will be satisfied
- Feeling of confidence
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Ages 1-3Child’s independence is thwarted: child develops feelings of self-doubt, shame in dealing with othersBasic Strength: Will - Determination to exercise freedom of choice in face of society’s demands
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt Ages 3-5Child expresses desire to take initiative in activitiesParents punish child for initiative: child develops feelings of guilt that will affect self-directed activity throughout lifeBasic strength: Purpose- Courage to envision and pursue goals
Stage 4: Industriousness vs. Inferiority Ages 6-11Child develops cognitive abilities to enable in task completion (school work, play)Parents/teachers do not support child’s efforts: child develops feelings of inferiority and inadequacy- Exertion of skill and intelligence in pursuing and completing tasks
Stages 1-4- Largely determined by others (parents, teachers)
Stages 5-8- Individual has more control over environment
- Individual responsibility for crisis resolution in each stage
Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion Ages 12-18Form ego identity: self-imageStrong sense of identity: face adulthood with certainty and confidenceIdentity crisis: confusion of ego identity- Emerges from cohesive ego identity
- Sincerity, genuineness, sense of duty in relationships with others
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation Ages 18-35 (approximately)Undertake productive work and establish intimate relationshipsInability to establish intimacy leads to social isolationBasic strength: Love
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation Ages 35-55 (approximately)Generativity: Active involvement in teaching/guiding the next generationStagnation involves not seeking outlets for generativityBasic strength: Care- Broad concern for others
- Need to teach others
Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs. Despair Ages 55+Evaluation of entire lifeIntegrity: Look back with satisfactionBasic strength: Wisdom- Detached concern with the whole of life
Assessment in Erikson’s Theory Psychohistorical Analysis- Application of lifespan theory to lives of historical figures
Psychological Tests:- Instruments based on crises in stages
Research in Erikson’s Theory Trust- Early strong bonds with mother later were more curious, sociable and popular
- Strong identity associated with greater cognitive and emotional functioning in college students
- Crisis may begin later than age 12
- Continuing process over the lifespan
Research in Erikson’s Theory Generativity- Evokes need to feel closer to others
- Correlated with extraversion, openness to new experiences
- Likely to be involved in community, social relationships
Research in Erikson’s Theory Maturity- High ego integrity: spent much time reviewing their lives
Ethnic Identity- Ethnic minorities: ethnic identity significant factor in determining sense of self
Personality develops throughout the lifetimeIdentity crisis in adolescenceImpact of social, cultural, personal and situational forces in forming personality
Criticisms of Erikson Ambiguous terms and conceptsLack of precision- Some terms are not easily measured empirically
Experiences in stage may only apply to malesIdentity crisis may only apply to those affluent enough to explore identities
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