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Science policies in the
European Union:
Promoting excellence through
mainstreaming gender equality
European Commission
Research Directorate-General
A Report from the ETAN Expert Working Group
on Women and Science


Published by the EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Research Directorate-General
LEGAL NOTICE: Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf
of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following
information.
A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the
Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int).
Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1999.
© European Communities, 2000
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
ISBN
Design by Dave Worth, School for Policy Studies,
University of Bristol, UK,
http://www.bristol.ac.uk/Depts/SPS/
PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE PAPER


Mary Osborn (Chair)
Cell biologist, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen and
honorary Professor University of Göttingen, Germany
Teresa Rees (Rapporteur)
Professor of Social Sciences, University of Cardiff, UK & Equal Opportunities
Commissioner for Wales
Mineke Bosch
Associate Professor, Centre for Gender and Diversity, University of
Maastricht, The  Netherlands
Helga Ebeling
Head of Division for Women in Education and Research, Federal Ministry of
Education and Research, Bonn, Germany
Claudine Hermann
Professor of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
Jytte Hilden
former Minister for Research and Information Technology, Denmark
Anne McLaren
Principal Research Associate, Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology,
University of Cambridge, UK
Rossella Palomba
Department Head, National Institute for Population Research, Rome, Italy
Leena Peltonen
Chair of Human Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine and Professor of
Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Finland
Carmen Vela
Managing Director of Ingenasa, Spain
Dominique Weis
FNRS Research Director, Earth scientist, University of Brussels, Belgium
Agnes Wold
Associate Professor, Clinical Immunology, Göteborg University, Sweden
Alternates
Joan Mason
Chair of Association for Women in Science and Engineering, UK
Christine Wennerås
Assistant Professor, Medical Microbiology, Göteborg University, Sweden
Science policies in the European Union:
Promoting excellence through mainstreaming gender equality
A report prepared for the European Commission by the independent ETAN Expert Working Group
on women and science
European Technology Assessment  Network
(ETAN) on Women and Science
Members
iii



Contents
List of figures and tables ................................................................................................................. vi
Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... viii
Foreword by Philippe Busquin, Commissioner for Research ............................................... x
Preface ................................................................................................................................................ xi
1
Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1
2
Women in science today ....................................................................................................... 7
3
Quality and fairness in scientific professions ................................................................. 21
4
Fairness and funding/modernising peer review ............................................................ 33
5
Shaping scientific policy ....................................................................................................... 47
6
Educating scientists, destereotyping science .................................................................. 57
7
Mainstreaming equality in scientific institutions and enterprises ............................. 65
8
Gender statistics in science: Measuring inequality ....................................................... 71
9
Making change happen ........................................................................................................ 81
References and other key sources ............................................................................................ 97
Notes on ETAN Network Members ...................................................................................... 109
Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ 115
Appendices
I
Issues and recommendations from previous reports on women and science .. 119
II
Women and Science: Networking the networks – declaration ............................. 131
III
Sources and notes to Table 2.1 ....................................................................................... 135
IV
Women at the top levels of Industry ............................................................................ 139
V
Women in the world’s academies of science .............................................................. 141
VI
Women and international and national prizes ............................................................ 143
VII Women and applications to research councils ........................................................... 147
VIII Women on committees that set science policy ......................................................... 149
IX
Eurogroups, One Time Grants and Networks ........................................................... 155
v


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