Expansion of European Power and the New Imperialism pg 828
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Motives for New Imperialism
- The "Scramble for Arica"
- Emergence of the German Empire the Alliance Systems (1873-1890) pg 838 Bismarck’s Leadership War in the Balkans
- German Alliances w/ Russia Austria
- Forging the Triple Entente (1890-1907) Franco-Russian Alliance
- British Agreement with Russia
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Expansion of European Power and the New Imperialism pg 828 - New developments made it possible for Europeans (or Americans) to impose their will - Europeans considered their civilizations and way of life to be superior to all others. - Last third of the Nineteenth century, European states spread control over ten million square miles or 150 million people - Thought it was necessary for power - Called New Imperialism
- Imperialism: policy of extending ones authority by territorial acquisition or by establishing economic and political hegemony over other nations - Usual pattern of New Imperialism: - Invest capital in "less industrialized" country - Develop its mines and agriculture - Build roads, bridges, etc. - Make favorable arrangements with local government, by loaning money or by intimidating it
- Economic - J.A. Hobson and Lenin advocated it - Lenin. "Imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism" - Competition eliminates inefficient capitalists and therefore leads to monopoly. - Imperial nations did not invest a lot in colonies or new areas - Colonies were not usually important markets for great imperial nations - Not clear that control of new areas was profitable (except England from India) - Europeans thought it would cure the great depression of 1873-1896 - Some people argued that it was their duty to bring benefits of higher culture to so-called backwards people - Imperialism tool for social policy - Germany, imperial expansion would deflect public interest away from domestic politics and social reform The "Scramble for Arica" - 1870-1900 - Imperial powers divided almost all of Africa among themselves - Short and long term effects complex and devastating to Africans - Long term: European control forcibly integrated African societies into the modern world economy - Africa became supplier of raw materials, ivory, rubber, minerals, diamonds, and gold - Bismarck mapped out a European-controlled Africa - Goal: to gain control, or at least dominance, through diplomacy or superior force and then either to take charge or to compel local rulers to accept Europeans "advisors" who would exercise real authority? - Justified by saying they were bringing civilization to backwards natives North Africa - Most was technically part of Ottoman Empire - Secured their interest by: economic penetration (investments and loans) and diplomatic pressure, force was also an option -1914, European powers controlled all of North Africa Egypt - For most of the nineteenth century, Egypt was a semi-independent province of the Ottoman Empire under a Muslim dynasty - Khendives tried to modernize country - Building new harbors and roads - Built a European-style army - Egyptian government borrowed money from European creditors, and needed to repay them - Farmers planted cash crops that could be sold internationally like cotton - During Civil war, cotton prices were high and supply was cut off from southern states - Egyptian government and economy thriving - When cotton prices fell, do did the economy - The Suez Canal (1869) - Built by French engineers - Connected the Mediterranean to the Red Sea -Meant that ships from Europe could travel directly to Asia - Reducing shipping costs made goods more affordable - Egyptian governments had to increase taxes to raise more revenue - Provoked rebellion - Britain sent ships to Egypt and defeated them = British supremacy in the country - Established municipal governments
- Bismarck’s first move was to establish 3 Emperor’s League (Germany, Austria, Russia) in 1873 - Collapsed over Austro-Russian rivalry in Balkans that arose from Russo-Turkish War in 1877 - Ottoman weakness encouraged Serbia & Montenegro to aid fellow Slavs Rebellion spread through Bulgaria & Russia interferes - Reflected influence of Pan-Slavic movement, which sought to unite all Slavs under protection of Russia - Russians hoped to control Constantinople & Dardanelles - The Treaty of San Stefano of March 1878 - Slavic states in Balkans were freed from Ottoman Empire & Russia obtained territory & large monetary indemnity - Austria feared Slavic victory & increased Russian influence in Balkans would threaten its own Balkan provinces - Britain was alarmed by effect of Russian victory on Euro. Balance of power & threaten Britain’s control of Suez Canal - A music-hall song that became popular gave the language a new word for super patriotism: jingoism
- Congress of Berlin met in 1878 under Bismarck - Clear recognition of Germany’s new importance & that it wanted peace - Bismarck wanted to avoid war btw Russia & Austria b/c he feared Germany would be drawn into it - Hurt Russian ambitions, helped Austria-Hungary & Britain - 3 Emperor’s League was dead - Major problem was that Serbia & Montenegro resented Austrian occupation of Bosnia & Herzegovina, which was a threat to peace in Europe
- Bismarck concluded a secret treaty w/ Austria in 1879, created Dual Alliance - Provided that Germany & Austria would come to each other’s aid if Russia attacked either of them & if another country attacked one of them, the other would remain neutral - Russia looked for alliances in the West - By 1881, Bismarck renewed 3 Emperor’s League; 3 powers promised to maintain neutrality in case a 4th power attacked - This agreement reduced the tension in the Balkans btw Austria & Russia The Triple Alliance - Italy asked to join the Dual Alliance so make France isolated & not a threat - Forming the Triple Alliance - The Reinsurance Treaty of 1887 in which Russia & Germany promised to remain neutral if either was attacked - In 1888, William II came to the German throne who had an injury at birth at birth that left him w/ a withered left arm - He compensated for this disability w/ vigorous exercise, a military bearing, & often embarrassingly bombastic rhetoric - As long as Bismarck held power, Germany was secure & the great Euro powers remained at peace - Bismarck understood & used the full range of diplomatic weapons: appeasement & deterrence, threats & promises, secrecy & openness Forging the Triple Entente (1890-1907) Franco-Russian Alliance - Bismarck’s successor, General Leo von Caprivi, refused to renew the Reinsurance Treaty b/c he wished to draw Germany closer to Britain - Political isolation & the need for foreign capital drove the Russians toward France - In 1894, France & Russia signed a defensive alliance against Germany Britain & Germany - Germany had become an enemy of Britain’s b/c of the economic rivalry btw the two which Germany challenged & overtook British production in materials & markets - William & many Germans were eager for Germany to pursue a “world policy” - Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz openly proclaimed Germany’s naval policy was aimed at Britain; his “risk” theory argued Germany’s navy fleet was strong enough to make Britain’s navy inferior to that of France & US - Its main results were to waste German resources & to begin a great naval race w/ Britain - The Boer War (1899-1902) saw Britain’s empire crushed a rebellion by S. African farmers, embarrassed them - Btw 1898-1901, Joseph Chamberlain made several attempts to conclude an alliance w/ Germany; the Germans refused & held out for greater concessions
- Britain & Japan concluded an alliance w/ Japan to defend British interests in Far East against Russia; in 1904 Britain & France agreed to the Entente Cordiale, which settled all outstanding colonial differences between the two - Britain gave France a free hand in Morocco in return for British control over Egypt - The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) saw Britain allied w/ Japan & Russia’s defeat led to the Russian Revolution of 1905 The First Moroccan Crisis - In 1905, Emperor William II landed at Tangier & made a speech in favor of Moroccan independence, asserting Germany’s right to participate in Morocco’s destiny - Germany was testing Britain &France’s alliance - Austria & Germany vs. Spain, US, France & Britain - France & Britain became closer allies
- Britain’s fear of Germany’s growing naval power, its concern over German ambitions in the Near East & its closer relations w/ France made it desirable to become more friendly w/ France’s ally, Russia - In 1907, Britain concluded an agreement w/ Russia much like the Entente Cordiale; it settled Russo-British quarrels in Central Asia - The Triple Entente was ranged against the Triple Alliance - Bismarck had built his alliance system to maintain peace, but the new alliance increased the risk of war & made the Balkans a likely spot for it to break out Yüklə 46 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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