Faà di Bruno, Giovanni Matteo [Horatio, Orazio] 83
Fescennini [fescennina, fescennini versus, fiscennia carmina]
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- Fesch, Willem de.
Fescennini [fescennina, fescennini versus, fiscennia carmina].Ribald or taunting songs or dialogues sung especially at weddings, festivals or processions. The fescennini are doubtless related to the Greek epithalamion and Hymenaios. In Aristophanes’ Peace (1329–57), an elaborate hymenaios exhibits an antiphonal structure and a considerable amount of innuendo and erotic word play. The term, which came to be applied to scurrilous verse in general, is derived either from the name of the town Fescennium in Etruria or from the phallus (fascinum) carried in processions to ward off evil. Horace (Epistles, ii.1.139–50) described these as having grown from the rustic taunts improvised in alternating verse by the farmers, their families and slaves at harvest celebrations; he thought these were the origin of later Roman drama (cf Livy, vii.2.7; Virgil, Georgics, ii.385ff). Examples of the type of verse may be found in Gaius Valerius Catullus (61.126–55) and Horace (Satires, i.5.51–70). St John Chrysostom specifically and sharply criticized the music, dancing, singing and torchlight processions still associated in his day with weddings. BIBLIOGRAPHYG. Wissowa: ‘Fescennini versus’, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, vi (Stuttgart, 1909), 2222–3 J. Quasten: Musik und Gesang in den Kulten der heidnischen Antike und christlichen Frühzeit (Münster, 1930, 2/1973; Eng. trans. 1983), 180–85 G. Mauro: ‘Relazioni tra fescennini e atellane secondo Livio e nel loro svolgimento storico’, Giornale italiano di filologia, xiii (1960), 143–9 J.-P. Cèbe: ‘La “satura” dramatique et le divertissement “fescennin”’, Revue belge de philologie, xxxix (1961), 26–34 G. Wille: Musica romana (Amsterdam, 1967), 131ff J.-P. Morel: ‘La “juventus” et les origines du théâtre romain’, Revue des études latines, xlvii (1969), 208–52 G. Wille: Einführung in das römische Musikleben (Darmstadt, 1977), 71–2 J. McKinnon, trans.: Music in Early Christian Literature (Cambridge, 1987), 84–6 THOMAS J. MATHIESEN Fesch, Willem de.See De Fesch, Willem. Feses(Ger.). F. See Pitch nomenclature. Festa, Costanzo(b c1485–90; d Rome, 10 April 1545). Italian composer and singer, for many years (1517–45) a prominent member of the Cappella Sistina in Rome. His birthplace, like that of his putative kinsman Sebastiano Festa, may have been in Piedmont, somewhere near Turin; in a papal breve of November 1517 he is referred to as a cleric (he apparently never became a priest) in the diocese of Turin. The earliest notice of Festa as a composer is the attribution to him of a motet, Quis dabit oculis, written (as was a motet on the same text by Mouton) to commemorate the death (9 January 1514) of Anne of Brittany, Queen of France. Speculation that Festa may have spent some time studying in France (Lowinsky, 1968) remains unproved. The discovery that he visited Ferrara early in March, 1514, bringing with him several motets, tells us both that he could not have lingered in France and that he was by this time a recognized composer; the presence of Quis dabit in I-Bc Q19, a manuscript compiled in northern Italy c1516–19, suggests that this motet could have been among those brought by the composer to Ferrara. At some point between 1510 and 1517 (probably the last few years in this period) Festa lived on the island of Ischia, in the bay of Naples; he was employed as a music teacher for Rodrigo and Alfonso d'Avalos, members of a powerful Neapolitan princely family. A document recording this engagement refers to Festa as ‘musico celebrato’. In 1517 he joined the papal chapel in Rome; from this period come a group of motets in the Medici codex (I-Fl 666), including Super flumina Babylonis with its tenor on a requiem chant, a lament for an unspecified person (there is no proof that it was written for the death of Louis XII in 1515). During his long tenure in the Cappella Sistina Festa wrote a good deal of liturgical music (masses and mass movements, a cycle of Magnificat settings, a set of Lamentations, a celebrated set of hymns), a number of motets, and a quantity of madrigals. Individual motets and madrigals appeared in print, and Festa apparently contemplated, in the late 1530s, publication of all or most of his music; in 1536 he asked Filippo Strozzi for information about a Venetian printer who could publish his music, and two years later he received a Venetian privilege to print his ‘Messe motettj madrigali, basse, contraponti, lamentation, et qualunque’. The single volume to appear was a book of madrigals (1538; two partbooks extant) probably issued in Rome. Otherwise the only music printed under his name was a set of three-voice madrigals (1537; 1543, a popular edition often reprinted). A device, perhaps a personal one of the composer, which appears in the madrigal book is also found in I-Rvat C.S.20, a manuscript devoted entirely to Festa's sacred music and perhaps prepared (1539–40) with a view to publication (Brauner, 1982). Some of Festa's music, in addition to the motets mentioned above, may be dated with some precision. Two motets in I-Rvat C.S.46, the eight-voice Inviolata, integra et casta Maria and a Regina caeli, were copied into that manuscript between about 1515 and 1519 (Dean, 1984). From the same period come five motets (and possibly a Fors seulement mentioned by Aaron in 1519) copied into I-Bc Q19. The motet Gaude virgo, perhaps partially extant in manuscripts in Casale Monferrato and Rome (Crawford, 1975; Silbiger, 1977), is mentioned by Aaron in 1525. In 1528 Festa sent several canti (madrigals) to Filippo Strozzi, to whom he owed money and who was godfather to the composer’s infant son. Strozzi, a Florentine often in Rome on political and financial business, had more texts, written by him or by his brother Lorenzo, set to music by Festa in 1531; and in 1536 still more madrigals, including a ‘cancione del cald'arost’, were sent by the composer to Strozzi (Agee, 1985). The manuscript I-Rv Si35–40, copied c1530–32, contains five Festa motets. There is mention in 1533 of a madrigal to a text by Michelangelo (now lost); and in 1536, following a visit of Charles V to Rome, Festa wrote a motet (lost) on the emperor's device Plus ultra (Jeppesen, 1962). Festa's dealings with Filippo Strozzi, his motets in the Vallicelliana manuscript, his setting of a madrigal, Sacra pianta da quell'arbor, in honour of a Florentine notable (?Alessandro de' Medici, see Einstein, 1949), and his contribution to the Medici wedding music of 1539 all suggest connections with Florence; but there is nothing to support the claim that he was Tuscan or ever lived in Florence. His service to two Medici popes, Leo X and Clement VII, is sufficient to explain the connection. Cosimo Bartoli, Florentine patriot and close observer of music, mentions Festa with approval but places him only in Rome in his Ragionamenti accademici (published in 1567 but written some 15 years earlier). Three of Festa's four extant masses are preserved in Roman manuscripts, close to the papal chapel and presumably written for that institution. None of the four have titles (these are supplied by Main, CMM, xxv, 1962–78). The Missa carminum or diversorum tenorum uses five 15th-century chansons (L'homme armé, J'ay pris amours, Petite camusette, Adieu mes amours, and De tous biens pleine); this suggests a bow to tradition or perhaps evidence of a student work. A Marian mass survives, written in the Roman tradition made famous by Josquin's Missa de beata virgine; a mass parodying an Isaac Gloria, and one based on Se congie pris, an Odhecaton chanson. Festa wrote a good deal of liturgical polyphony for the papal chapel, including a complete Magnificat cycle (each one set for all verses, in the Roman tradition), a set of Lamentations, a litany, and four Benedicamus Domino settings; all are in serviceable but far from perfunctory style, and must have seen much use. None were published in his lifetime (the Magnificat settings were printed in 1554, the litany in 1583). The most celebrated of his sacred compositions was a set of vesper hymns, copied in a Cappella Sistina manuscript in 1539 and widely disseminated; they may have replaced Du Fay's hymns in daily use at the papal chapel. Some 60 motets survive, for three to eight voices, and ranging in style from simple to quite elaborate, making use of canons and separately texted tenors. Festa's contrapuntal technique has been praised (see Main, Grove6; Jeppesen, 1962); the motets certainly show competence although a certain dryness and stiffness is evident in some of the more ambitious settings. Festa appears not to have written any chansons – a surprising lacunae if he really did live for a time in France. He was active as a madrigalist, and from an early period in its history; only Verdelot and two composers in Leo X's service, Bernardo Pisano and Sebastiano Festa, composed madrigals before him, and this dating may be deceptive since the dates of composition are largely unknown for Festa's madrigals; a reasonably safe assumption is that they were all written between c1525 and 1540. The print Delli madrigali a tre voci (RISM 15377), of which only the bass partbook survives, contains 13 pieces attributed to ‘Constantius festa’ along with a number of anonymous ones ascribed to him in later prints. Given the fact that Festa was looking for a Venetian printer in 1536, this book, printed by Ottaviano Scotto from woodcuts by Antico, may represent the first (and only) volume of a projected series. After an odd publication of 1541 which although called the Primo libro a tre of Festa actually contains only one piece by the composer, Gardane issued a Vero primo libro in 1543, printing many of the pieces from the 1537 book while adding a number of new ones, not all reliably the work of Festa; this volume enjoyed lasting success, with five subsequent printings. Meanwhile Festa had printed a Libro primo … di Constantio Festa (1538) of four-, five- and six-voice madrigals, presumably starting a new series; of this only two partbooks survive. That more volumes were contemplated is strongly suggested by the existence of a manuscript partbook (I-PEc 3314) containing 19 madrigals of which the first 17 are ascribed to ‘Constantius Festa’; many of these are known from manuscript and print concordances to be Festa’s work. The contents and especially the presence of ascriptions, unusual in manuscripts of the period, support the idea that this partbook was copied from a (lost) print or represents a volume whose publication was planned but never carried out (Fenlon and Haar, 1988). Festa wrote about 100 madrigals; as with Arcadelt there are problems with conflicting attributions. His three-voice works, graceful and unassuming, were clearly popular; the four-voice madrigals share the idiom established by Verdelot and contribute substantially to the genre, though perhaps without the skill and variety displayed by Arcadelt. The multi-voice madrigals, like some of Verdelot's, show a certain hesitancy of technique in the face of what Willaert and Rore were soon to produce. Festa's ‘contraponti’ and ‘basse’ long remained a mystery and were assumed to be lost; but Jeppesen signalled the existence of a manuscript (I-Bc C36) containing ‘Cento cinquantasette contrapunti sopra del canto fermo intitolato la Base di Cons. Festa’ ascribed to G.M. Nanino and dated 1602. It has now been shown (Agee, 1985) that only the last portion of this work is by Nanino; the rest is Festa's long-lost ‘contraponti’. Festa has long been regarded as the first native Italian to join the ranks of distinguished northern polyphonists active in Italy in the early 16th century. Now that the work of Marchetto Cara, an older contemporary of Gasparo de Albertis, perhaps an exact one, and of Francesco Layolle and Bernardo Pisano, slightly younger ones, has become better known, this no longer seems appropriate; but in his position at the papal chapel Festa did achieve an eminence unusual for Italian musicians before the mid-16th century.
JAMES HAAR Festa, Costanzo WORKSEditions: Costanzo Festa: Opera omnia, ed. A. Main and A. Seay, CMM xxv (1962–79) [M]Costanzo Festa: Hymni per totum annum, ed. G. Haydon, Monumenta polyphoniae italicae, iii (1958) [H] masses, mass movements
magnificat, lamentations
motets
vesper hymnsall 4vv, I-Rvat; ed. in H
madrigals
Festa, Costanzo BIBLIOGRAPHYEinsteinIM MGG1 (K. Jeppesen) ReeseMR F.X. Haberl: ‘Die römische “schola cantorum”’, VMw, iii (1887), 189–296; repr. in Bausteine für Musikgeschichte, iii (Leipzig, 1888) R. Casimiri: ‘I diarii sistini’, NA, i (1924), iii (1926), iv (1927), ix–xvii (1932–40) A. Cametti: ‘Per un precursore del Palestrina’, Bollettino bibliografico musicale, vi/4 (1931), 5 E.E. Lowinsky: A Newly Discovered Sixteenth-Century Motet Manuscript at the Biblioteca Vallicelliana in Rome’, JAMS, iii (1950), 173–232 H.-W. Frey: ‘Michelangiolo und die Komponisten seiner Madrigale’, AcM, xxiv (1952), 147–97 H.-W. Frey: ‘Regesten zur päpstlichen Kapelle unter Leo X. und zu seiner Privatkapelle’, Mf, viii (1955), 58–73, 178–99; ix (1956), 46–57, 139–56, 411–19 E.E. Lowinsky: ‘The Medici Codex: a Document of Music, Art and Politics in the Renaissance’, AnnM, v (1957), 61–178 J.M. Llorens: Capellae Sixtinae Codices (Vatican City, 1960) A. Main: Costanzo Festa: the Masses and Motets (diss., New York U., 1960) K. Jeppesen: ‘Über italienische Kirchenmusik in der ersten Hälte der 16. Jahrhunderts’, SM, iii (1962), 149–60 A. Main: ‘Maximilian’s Second-Hand Funeral Motet’, MQ, xlviii (1962), 173–89 E.E. Lowinsky: Introduction to The Medici Codex of 1518: a choirbook of motets dedicated to Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, MRM, iii (1968), 48–50 D. Crawford: ‘A Review of Costanzo Festa’s Biography’, JAMS, xxviii (1975), 102–11 E.E. Lowinsky: ‘On the Presentation and Interpretation of Evidence: Another Review of Costanzo Festa's Biography’, JAMS, xxx (1977), 106–28 M. Musch: Costanzo Festa als Madrigalkomponist (Baden-Baden, 1977) A. Silbiger: ‘An Unknown Partbook of Early Sixteenth-Century Polyphony’, Studi musicali, vi (1977), 43–67 J. Haar and I. Fenlon: ‘Fonti e cronologia dei madrigali di Costanzo Festa’, RIM, xiii (1978), 212–42 J. Haar: ‘The Primo libro of Costanzo Festa’, AcM, lii (1980), 147–55 M.P. Brauner: The Parvus Manuscripts: a Study of Vatican Polyphony, ca. 1535 to 1580 (diss., Brandeis U., 1982) D. Cardamone: ‘Madrigali a tre et arie napolitane: a Typographical and Repertorial Study’, JAMS, xxxv (1982), 436–81 J. Dean: The Scribes of the Sistine Chapel, 1501–1527 (diss., U. of Chicago, 1984) R. Agee: ‘Filippo Strozzi and the Early Madrigal’, JAMS, xxxviii (1985), 227–37 I. Fenlon and J. Haar: The Italian Madrigal in the early 16th century: Sources and Interpretation (Cambridge, 1988) M. Tarrini: ‘La cappella musicale della cattedrale di Savona istituita da Bartolomeo della Rovere nel 1528’, Renovatio, xxiii (1988), 433–51, esp. 441–2 R. Nosow: ‘The Dating and Provenance of Bologna, Civico Museo Bibliografico Musicale, MS Q 19’, JM, ix (1991), 92–108 Yüklə 17,54 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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