Faà di Bruno, Giovanni Matteo [Horatio, Orazio] 83

Frensel Wegener [née Koopman], Bertha

(b Bloemendaal, 27 Sept 1874; d Amsterdam, 17 July 1953). Dutch composer, mother of Emmy Wegener. She studied at the Amsterdam Conservatory with Sara Bosman-Benedicts (piano) and Zweers (composition). While still a student, her Stabat Mater was performed under the baton of Daniël de Lange. After graduating in 1898 she went to Frankfurt to study singing with Hugo Bellwidt. For some years she worked as an accompanist in the Netherlands and Germany. She married the insurer John Frensel Wegener, and in 1901 their first daughter Emmy was born.

Frensel Wegener concentrated on writing songs, which were performed by leading Dutch singers. The songs to German texts are in a late Romantic idiom, while she later adopted a style close to French Impressionism. Some of her best-known works include Der Wetterhahn, Sterbeglocken, Droome-vrouw and the Three Love Songs. Her cantata Meilied, written for the exhibition ‘De Vrouw, 1813–1913’ (Amsterdam, 1913), calls on Dutch women to unite in their struggle for emancipation.

WORKS

(selective list)

4 Lieder (E. Geibel, H. Heine and others), 1896; 8 Lieder (Geibel and others), A/T, pf, 1897–c1899; Stabat Mater, 3 solo vv, female chorus, 1898; Meilied (cant.), S, S, A, A, female chorus, vn, str, pf, 1913, lost; 3 Love Songs (R. Tagore), 1v, pf, before 1918; 3 Lieder (R. Mayreder), c1919; Impressions of Native Songs of the Red Indians of Arizona (M. Austin), 1v, pf, 1925; 2 chansons (P. Fort, E. Manuel), Mez, pf, before 1927; My Song (R. Tagore), 1v, pf, 1930; Droome-vrouw (M. Boddaert), Mez, pf

Principal publisher: G. Alsbach

BIBLIOGRAPHY

J.H. Letzer: Muzikaal Nederland 1850–1910 (Utrecht, 2/1913), 192

H. Badings: De hedendaagsche nederlandsche muziek (Amsterdam, 1936), 81

S.A.M. Bottenheim: ‘In memoriam Bertha Frensel Wegener-Koopman’, Mens en melodie, viii (1953), 291–2

HELEN METZELAAR

Frequency.

The number of times per second (or other unit of time) that a cycle of disturbances is exactly repeated. For example, if a string is vibrating in its fundamental mode, one cycle could be thought of as starting from the mid-position, moving to a maximum displacement in one direction, moving back to zero, moving to a maximum displacement in the other direction and finally back to zero. The time taken to complete this cycle is the period and the inverse of this quantity is the frequency. When the unit of time is the second, the unit of frequency is the hertz (abbreviated Hz), which is identical to the obsolete cycle per second (c.p.s.). See Sound, §4.

CLIVE GREATED

Frequentato

(It.: ‘populated’, ‘crowded’, ‘frequented’).

A moderate dynamic. See Forte.

Frere, Walter Howard

(b Cambridge, 23 Nov 1863; d Mirfield, 2 April 1938). English liturgist. Son and grandson of two Cambridge dons, he was educated at Charterhouse, Trinity College, Cambridge (gaining a first class in classics), and Wells Theological College. Ordained deacon (1887), then priest (1889), he served as curate of St Stephen’s, Stepney (1887–92), before joining the recently founded Community of the Resurrection, Mirfield. As Superior (1902–13, 1916–22) he contributed greatly to shaping the religious and liturgical life of the young community. He was Select Preacher at both Cambridge (from 1901) and Oxford (1913). Appointed Bishop of Truro in 1923, he remained in Cornwall until his retirement to Mirfield in 1935.

Frere’s interests included Russian Church history, English Tudor history, prayerbook reform and the promotion of Christian unity: he took part in the Malines Conversations (1921–5). He was a keen amateur musician and composed some songs. But it is as a scholar and a liturgist that he is chiefly known, particularly through his careful editing of the main service books of the Sarum Use: the gradual, antiphoner, customary, ordinal and tonary. He was the first modern scholar to disentangle successfully the complex web of English medieval church services and to present a complete and coherent picture. As a student of plainchant, he helped to disseminate a practical knowledge and appreciation of this idiom. Appointed chairman of the proprietors of Hymns Ancient and Modern, he was responsible for the historical edition (1909), which was later accepted by Cambridge University as his thesis for the Doctor of Divinity degree. He died without publishing the fourth volume of his Studies in Early Roman Liturgy, dealing with the responsories of the night Office.

WRITINGS

ed.: The Winchester Troper from MSS of the Xth and XIth Centuries (London, 1894/R)

The Elements of Plainsong, ed. H.B. Briggs (London, 1895, 2/1909) [collection of lectures]

ed.: The Use of Sarum (Cambridge, 1898–1901/R) [incl. edn of tonary]

ed.: J. de Voragine: Exposition de la Messe (London, 1899)

‘Edwardine Vernacular Services before the First Prayer Book’, Journal of Theological Studies, i (1900), 229–46

Bibliotheca musico-liturgica: a Descriptive Handlist of the Musical and Latin-Liturgical Manuscripts of the Middle Ages Preserved in the Libraries of Great Britain and Ireland (London, 1901 [dated 1894] 1932/R)

ed., with F.C. Eeles and A. Riley: Pontifical Services, i–iv (London, 1901–8)

A New History of the Book of Common Prayer with a Rationale of its Offices (London, 1901)

‘The Connexion between English and Norman Rites’, Journal of Theological Studies, iv (1903), 206–14

ed., with G.W. Hart: D. Rock: The Church of Our Fathers as seen in St Osmund’s Rite for the Cathedral of Salisbury (London, 1903–4)

ed., with L.E.G. Brown: The Hereford Breviary (London, 1904–15)

The Principles of Religious Ceremonial (London, 1906, 2/1928)

‘Key-Relationship in Early Medieval Music’, PMA, xxxvii (1910–11), 129–49

‘The Use of Exeter’, Church Quarterly Review, lxxiii (1911), 137–57

Some Principles of Liturgical Reform: a Contribution Towards a Revision of the Book of Common Prayer (London, 1911)

ed.: The Leofric Collectar Compared with the Collectar of St. Wulfstan (London, 1914–21)

‘Early Ordination Services’, Journal of Theological Studies, xvi (1915), 323–71

‘The Paleography of Early Mediaeval Music’, Church Quarterly Review, lxxxi (1915), 137–56

‘The English Rite’, Church Quarterly Review, lxxxii (1916), 283

Introduction to facs. of Pars antiphonarii (London, 1923)

York Service Books (London, 1927)

‘Antiphon’; ‘Antiphonal’; ‘Cantor’; ‘Cantoris’; ‘Gradual’; ‘Gregorian Music’; ‘Gregorian Tones’; ‘Hymn’; ‘Hymns Ancient and Modern’; ‘Introit’; ‘Modes, Ecclesiastical’; ‘Plainsong’; ‘Psalmody’; ‘Responsorial Psalmody’; ‘Sequence’; ‘Tractus’: Grove3

‘Plainsong’, OHM, introductory vol., ed. P.C. Buck (2/1929/R), 133–63

Studies in Early Roman Liturgy (London, 1930–35)

‘The Russian Church’, Second Survey on the Affairs of the Orthodox Church (London, 1937), 23–7

The Anaphora, or Great Eucharistic Prayer (London, 1938)

ed. J.H. Arnold and E.G.P. Wyatt: Walter Howard Frere: a Collection of his Papers on Liturgical and Historical Subjects (London, 1940) [contains ‘Early Franciscan Influence on Religious Services’, Seton Memorial Lecture, 1936]

ed. R.C.D. Jasper: Walter Howard Frere: his Correspondence on Liturgical Revision and Construction (London, 1954)

EDITIONS

Eighteen Well-Known Hymn-Tunes, as set in Ravenscroft’s Psalter (1621) Reprinted (London, 1888)

Graduale sarisburiense (London, 1894/R)

Hymn-Melodies for the Whole Year from the Sarum Service-Books and Other Ancient English Sources (London, 1896)

with G.H. Palmer The Order of Compline Throughout the Year with Musical Notation from the Salisbury Antiphonal (Wantage, 1896, 2/1899)

The Wells Office Book (London, 1896, 2/1914)

with G.H. Palmer: The Order of Compline from the Sarum Breviary (Wantage, 1899)

Antiphonale sarisburiense (London, 1901–25/R)

with H.B. Briggs: T. Helmore: A Manual of Plainsong for Divine Service (London, 1902)

Hymns Ancient and Modern for Use in the Services of the Church, with Accompanying Tunes (London, 1909) [historical edn]

A Liturgical Psalter (London, 1925)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

DNB (W. Hamilton Thompson)

‘Dr S.H. Nicholson’s Tribute’, The Times (7 April 1938)

‘Bishop Frere, C. R., DD., Litt.D.’, Church Times (8 April 1938)

C.S. Phillips and others: Walter Howard Frere, Bishop of Truro: a Memoir (London, 1947)

S. Rankin and D. Hiley, eds.: Music in the Medieval English Liturgy: Plainsong & Mediaeval Music Society Centennial Essays (Oxford, 1993)

MARY BERRY