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Somatic System and Special Senses



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Somatic System and Special Senses


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Neurophysiology Research Tools

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Physiology of Blood

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Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Gastrointestinal System

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Hemodynamics and Rheology of the Blood

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Metabolism, electrolytes and their Hormonal Regulation

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Molecular Basis for Learning and Memory

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Experimental Physiology

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Physiology of Behaviour

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Electrical and Mechanical Properties of the Heart

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Exercises Physiology and Exercise Tests

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Biorhythyms

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Fetal and neonatal programming

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Antibody production methods

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Immunoassay techniques

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Organism-microorganism interactions

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Stress-reproduction interactions

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Critical analysis of scientific studies and publications

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Pathophysiology of the urinary system

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Pathophysiology of the liver

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Research method and techniques in neuroendocrine

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Cell culture preparation methods

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Molecular research method and techniques

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Hypothalamus and its relation to the pituitary gland

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COMPULSORY LESSONS
Neurophysiology

Electrophysiology methods, Ion channels, Action potentials, Resting membrane potential, Depolarisation, Repolarisation,Ionic microenvironmental changes during action potentials, Physiological functions of neurotransmitters, The mechanism of action of neurotransmitters, Synthesis of neurotransmitters, Release of neurotransmitters, Degradation of neurotransmitters, Neurotransmitters –I, Neurotransmitters –II, Neurotransmitters –III, Neurophysiological abnormalities


Cardiovascular

Heart Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves, Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart, The Normal Electrocardiogram, Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis, Cardiac Arrhythmias and Cardiac Failure ,TheirElectrocardiographic Interpretation, Overview of the Circulation; Medical Physics ofPressure, Flow, and ResistanceVascular Distensibility and Functions of theArterial and Venous Systems, The Microcirculation and the Lymphatic System:Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid and Lymph Flow Nervous Regulation of the Circulation, andRapid Control of Arterial Pressure, Dominant Role of the Kidney in Long-Term, Regulation of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension:The Integrated System for Pressure Control, Cardiac Output, Venous Return, andTheir RegulationMuscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output DuringExercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic, Heart Disease, Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Dynamics of, Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects, Circulatory Shock and Physiology.


Physiology and Phatophysiology of Endocrine and Reproductive System

Introduction to endocrinology, Endocrine functions of hypothalamus, Hypothalamus and its relation to the pituitary gland, Physiology of the pituitary hormones, Physiology of the thyroid hormones, Physiology of the parathyroid hormones, Ca-P metabolism, Growth and growth hormone, Physiology of the adrenal cortex hormones, Endocrine functions of the pancreas, Male genital hormones, Female genital hormones, Pregnancy and lactation, Fetal ve neonatal physiology


Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Respiratory System

Basic structure of the respiratory system, Ventilation, Perfusion, Gas exchange and transport, Gas exchange and transport, Control of respiration, Control of respiration, Exercise and respiration, Hypoxia and hypercapnia, Alveolar circulation, Bronchial circulation, Pulmonary edema and pleural fluid, Acid-base status and the respiratory system, Features of the respiratory diseases.


Physiology and Pathophysiology of Excretion System

Physiological function of kidneys, structure and physiological role of nephron, glomerular filtration, renal blood flow, regulation of tubular reabsorption, urine formation, dilue urine and concentrate urine, long-term regulation of blood pressure controling by kidneys, systems of renin-angiotensin, balance of fluid and electrolyte, Regulation of acid-base balance.



Specialized field

Apparatus necessary documents related to the study and to organize, To follow the literature, Research to performş, Developthe abilityto analyze,Contribution to science to put design.


Thesis

Doctorate thesis is a specific study achieved following the completion of theoretical and practical courses and it should be conducted by independent scientific research. Thesis study is aimed at predetermined subject and supervised by an academic staff from the relevant department. Students are supervised in literature search, ethical issues and problem solving


Seminar I

Acquiring knowledge on a specific topic by searching literature


Seminar II

Acquiring knowledge on a specific topic by searching literature



ELECTİVE LESSONS
Somatic System and Special Senses

Regulation of Vision of optics, Control of intraocular fluids, Structure of retina and molecular mechanism of vision, Circuit of retina, Properties of retinal ganglion cells, Function of the visual cortex, Used laboratory methods analysis vision defects, Sense hearing mechanics and molecular mechanisms, Cochlear and central auditory mechanisms, Used laboratory methods analysis auditory defects, Sense of taste sensations, Sense or smell sensations, Somatic sensations; Tactile and position senses, Somatic sensations; pain and thermal senses.


Neurophysiology Research Tools

Microlectrophysiology, Mmicroelectrode types, Amplificators, Voltage-clamp, Patch-clamp, Microelectrode applications, Recordings of biopotentials, Recordings of biopotentials, Assesment of biopotential recordings, Assesment of biopotential recordings, Eeg, Eeg, Evoked potentials, Event-related potentials


Physiology of Blood

Blood Cells, Immunity and Blood Coagulation, Red Blood Cells, Anemia and Polycythemia, Resistance of the Body to Infection: I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System and Inflammation, Resistance of the Body to Infection: II. Immunity and Allergy Innate Immunity, Blood Types, Transfusion; Tissue and Organ Transplantation, Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation


Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Gastrointestinal System

General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation, Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract, Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract, Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract, Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract, Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism, Protein Metabolism,Function of the Liver, Regulation of Feeding, End-of-term exam.


Hemodynamics and Rheology of the Blood

Pressure flow and resistance relations in circulation, Distensibility and vascular capacitance, Arterial and venous circulation, Arterial pressure and regulatory mechanisms, Hypertention and shock, Microrheology of blood cells, Microrheology of blood cells, Factors affecting blood flow, Factors affecting red cell deformability, Factors affecting of red cell deformability, Measurement of blood and plasma viscosity, Measurement of blood and plasma viscosity, Measurement of red blood cell deformability, Measurement of red blood cell deformability.


Metabolism, electrolytes and their Hormonal Regulation

Neuroendocrine Regulation of Energy Storage, Mobilization, & Utilization, Neuroendocrine Regulation of Energy Metabolism during the Fed State, Neuroendocrine Regulation of Energy Metabolism during the Fasted State, Counterregulatory Hormone Effects, Regulation of Energy Metabolism during Exercise, Maintenance of Long-Term Energy Balance & Fat Storage, Regulation of Energy Intake, Regulation of Sodium Balance, Hormonal Regulation of Potassium Balance, Hormonal Regulation of Calcium Balance, Regulation of Phosphate Balance, Hormonal regulation, of bone metabolism, Neuroendocrine Regulation of the Stress Response, Examination.


Molecular Basis for Learning and Memory

Specific functions of cortical areas, Cerebral lateralization, General comment area, Higher intellectual functions of the association areas, Thought, consciousness and memory, Memory types, Short –term memory,intermediate term and long term memory, Functional and reflexive memory, Neural plasticity, Nerve growth factors and cell adhesion molecules, Sinaptogenez and neurogenesis, Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia, Diseases of Central nervous system associated with stem cell and gene therapy,Central nervous system diseases associated with stem cell and gene therapy.


Experimental Physiology

Introduction to Experimental Animal Use, Ethical Issues of Experimental Animal Use, Ethical Issues of Experimental Animal Use, Research Issues of Experimental Animal Use: General issues impacting the quality of research, Research Issues of Experimental Animal Use: the issue of quality of life of research animals, Routine Techniques in Experimental Animal Use: handling, weighing and measuring, Routine Techniques in Experimental Animal Use: anesthetic and euthanasia, Routine Techniques in Experimental Animal Use: tagging and marking and body fluid sampling, Routine Techniques in Experimental Animal Use: principles common animal surgery, Active visit to local Animal Research Unit, Active visit to local Animal Research Unit, International guidelines on the care and use of experimental animals, International guidelines on the care and use of experimental animals, End-of-term exam.


Physiology of Behaviour

The Control of Cell Differentiation, The cell migration and guidance, Formation Of Synapse And Neuron Life, Behavior And Genetics, Effect Of Sex On The Behaviour, Integration Of Motor And Sensory Input, Hypothalamus And Limbic System, Cognitive Procedures Of Cerebral Cortices,, Cognitive Procedures, The Applied Behavioral Test On The Animals, The Applied Behavioral Test On The Human I, The Applied Behavioral Test On The Human II, Brain And Behavior, Aging Of Brain.


Electrical and Mechanical Properties of the Heart

Heart Muscle; The Heart As A Pump And Function, Of The Heart Valves, Pacemakers, Pacemaker Activity And Importance Of Ionic Microenvironment, Rhythmical Excitation Of The Heart, The Normal Electrocardiogram, Electrocardiographic Interpretation Of Cardiac Muscle And Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis, Cardiac Arrhythmias And Cardiac Failure ,Their, Electrocardiographic Interpretation, Cardiac Arrhythmias And Cardiac Failure ,Their, Electrocardiographic Interpretation, Autonom Control Of Pacemaker Activity, Sistole, Diastole, Isovolumetric And Isometric Contractions, First And Second Degree Blockage, Third Degree Blockage.


Exercises Physiology and Exercise Tests

Benefits and Risks Associated with Physical Activity, Preparticipation Health Screening and Risk Stratification, Pre-Exercise Evaluations, Health-Related Physical Fitness Testing and Interpretation, Clinical Exercise Testing, Interpretation of Clinical Exercise Test Data, General Principles of Exercise Prescription, Exercise Prescription for Healthy Populations and Special Considerations, Exercise Prescription for Patients with Cardiac Disease, Exercise Prescription for Other Clinical Populations, Exercise testing and prescription for children, elderly and pregnant, Methods for changing exercising behaviors, Legal issues, Examination.


Biorhythyms

Human circadian rhythm, Mammalian circadian rhythm, Pineal glands, Melatonin hormones, Related melatonin and biorhytm, Pineal gland patologys, Birds pineal glands, Ultradian rhythms, Postprandial rhythms, Internal clock and clock genes, Infradian rhythms, Disorders associated with disturbed rhythms, Perception of ligh:dark cycle, Pathways of light transmission in the CNS.


Fetal and Neonatal Programming

Introduction to the effects of prenatal metabolic factors and stressors on various body functions during adulthood, programming of life by neonatal stress factors, fetal or neonatal origins of metabolic diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes and more spesifically programming of reproductive functions by fetal and neonatal factors will be covered by the lecture and possible mediators will be focused on and explained.


Antibody Production Methods

The lecture will contain the following subjects: Immunity, response to foreign substances and antibody production, polyclonal antibody production methods, monoclonal antibody production methods, adjuvants, haptens, antibody production against steroid substances, antibody production against peptide substances, purification methods for antibodies, cross-reactivity of the antibodies, usage of antibodies for measuring different substances in various media.


Immunoassay Techniques

Basic principals and types of immunoassays, radioactive tracers and radioimmunoassays, enzyme tracers and enzyme immunoassays, quality control, cross-reactivity, precision, accuracy, repeatability, calculation of CV, factors determining antigene-antibody reactions, all stages from antigene to assay development, solid phases and antigen-solid phase interactions, adaptation of the tests to various media will be covered by the course.


Organism-Microorganism Interactions

Microorganisms of alminentary system, microorganisms of the body surface, mutualist microorganisms and their interactions with organism, pathogen microorganisms and their interactions with organism, microorganisms that signal reproductive system, microorganisms that signal metabolism, microorganismal infection models and their effects on the organism, bacteriomimetics and viral mimetics will be covered by the course.


Stress-Reproduction Interactions

Types of stress, metabolic, pshycological and environmental stress factors, hypothalamo-pituitary-adreanal axis, general effect of hormones associated with stress including adrenalin, cortisol/corticosterone, ACTH and CRH, stress and puberty, stress and estrus cycle/menstrual cycle, stress and pregnancy, stress and parturition, stress and postpartum care, maternal stress and permanent effects on offspring will be covered by the course.


Critical Analysis of Scientific Studies and Publications

The course will cover information about the following titles: Interactive critical analysis of scientific studies and publications, improving scientific writing and publication skills, analysing the message given by the title of scientific projects and publications, analysis of information given by the abstract, importance of the key words, analysis and assessment of information presented by the introduction section, comprehension of materials and methods section, determination and suitability of the statistical analysis, results and the ways that they can presented, ways of presenting tables and figures, presenting the main message by the figures and tables, investigating the relevancy of the discussion section and compatibilty of conclusions with the results obtained.



Guidelines for Writing a Research Article and a Thesis

Notes on writing a research article, notes on writing a thesis, title and the main message given by the title, level of coverage by the abstract, presentation of the key words, writing the introduction section, organisation and writing the materials and methods section, clear understandable presentation of the experimentation, presentations of information on parameters measured, clear and understandable presentation of the results, options for producing tables and figures, relevance of results and discussion, points emphasised in the discussion section, presentation of the conclusion and points need to be taken into account for generalisation of the conclusion, notes on writing an acknowledgement and proper presentation of the references will covered by the course.


Pathophysiology of the Urinary System

Morphology of the urinary system, nephrone and the urinary system physiology, renal diseases and their general manifestation, metabolic diseases and the kidneys, disruption of the renal functions and cardiovascular diseases, disruption of renal functions and hematological system, disruption of renal functions and musculoskeletal disruptions, kidney diseases and their neurological effects, kidney function tests and their clinical importance, urinary system-respiratory system interactions, acidosis and alkalosis, uremia and dialysis will be covered by the course.


Pathophysiology of the Liver

Morphology of the liver, functions of the liver, structure of the lobule of the liver, effects of blockade of blood vessel, lymphy and bile flow of the liver, effects cirrhosis on the production of the substances by the liver, effects of cirrhosis on blood, lymph and bile flow and transport in the liver, macrophages of the liver will be the major subjects of the lecture.


Research Method and Techniques in Neuroendocrine

Use of stereotaxic map and stereotaxic apparatus, stereotaxic single microinjection, brain infusion kits implantation, pinealectomy and micropunch technique will be explained and displayed.


Cell Culture Preparation Methods

The lecture will contain the following subjects: Preparing to primary cell culture such as thymus and lymphocyte cells. Cell lines preparation, cell feed and storage will be demonstrated in practice.


Molecular Research Method and Techniques

Detection techniques of genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, proliferation and cell viability, membran fluidity measures and determination of intracellular calcium amount using by spectrofotometry will be explained and shown.


Hypothalamus and its Relation to the Pituitary Gland

The functional relationship between hypothalamus and pituitary gland, control of hormone secretion of anterior pituitary gland, the synthesis of posterior pituitary hormones in hypothalamus and their transport to neurohypophysis will be the major subjects of the lecture.
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