Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Research Paper pnw-305 March 1983 Avifauna Associated With Early Growth Vegetation on Clearcuts in the Oregon Coast Ranges



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United States 

Department of 

Agriculture

 

Forest Service

 

Pacific Northwest 



Forest and Range 

Experiment Station

 

Research Paper 



PNW-305 March 

1983


 

 

Avifauna Associated 



With Early Growth 

Vegetation on 

Clearcuts in the 

Oregon Coast 

Ranges

 

Michael L Morrison and E. Charles Meslow

 

 

This file was created by scanning the printed publication. 



Mis-scans identified by the software have been corrected; 

however, some errors may remain

 



Authors

 

 



MICHAEL L MORRISON was a graduate 

research assistant and E. CHARLES 

MESLOW is leader, Oregon Cooperative 

Wildlife Research Unit, Oregon State 

University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 

Morrison's present address is Depart- 

ment'of Forestry and Resource Manage-

went, 145 Mulford Hall, University of 

California, Berkeley, California 94720.

 



Abstract

 

Morrison, Michael L; Meslow, E. Charles. 



Avifauna associated with early growth 

vegetation on clearcuts in the Oregon 

Coast Ranges. Res. Pap. PNW-305. 

Portland, OR: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific 

Northwest Forest and Range 

Experiment Station; 1983.12 p.

 

This paper provides estimates of bird 



density, diversity, and evenness on 13 

clearcut units of the Siuslaw National 

Forest in the Coast Ranges of Oregon, 

sampled during 1979,1980, and 1981. 

Total density of nesting birds ranged from 

322 to 588 per 40.5 hectares (100 acres); 

there were 15 to 19 species nesting on 

each site.

 

Keywords: Bird habitat, population distri-



bution, clearcutting, Oregon (Coast 

Ranges), Coast Ranges—Oregon.

 

Introduction

 

The Oregon Coast Ranges is one of the 



most heavily logged regions of North 

America (Beuter and others 1976, 

Williamson 1973). The usual method of 

logging in the Coast Ranges involves 

cutting all standing trees—clearcut log-

ging. Commercial species, primarily 

Douglas-fir, are removed, and noncom-

mercial hardwoods are usually left lying 

on the site (see "Study Sites" for a detailed 

description of silvicultural procedures).

Timber harvesting in the Oregon Coast 



Ranges thus results in a dramatic altera-

tion of habitats used by wildlife.

 

An increasing demand for timber prod-



ucts, coupled with improved planting 

stocks and silvicultural techniques, has 

resulted in shorter rotation periods (the 

time between successive harvests of a 

stand) and a greater proportion of total 

area in relatively early stages of success-

sion (Beuter and others 1976). It is thus 

essential that an understanding of the 

animal communities associated with 

these clearcuts be developed. Knowl-

edge must be gained that not only iden-

tifies species characteristic of clearcuts 

but also quantifies use of clearcuts by 

species usually associated with mature 

stands. In this way, forest wildlife 

biologists can better predict the effects 

that clearcut logging and shorter rotations 

will have on wildlife of the region. Few 

studies, however, have documented the 

animal communities on clearcuts in the 

Oregon Coast Ranges.

 

In this paper we report on the use of 



clearcuts by birds. Our specific objectives 

were to: (1) describe the avifauna nesting 

in early growth vegetation on 13 clearcuts 

and (2) quantify the use of clearcuts by 

birds not usually associated with clear-

cuts. This analysis will enhance under-

standing of the avian community structure 

of clearcuts, serve as a data base for the 

formation of hypotheses during future 

studies that examine the change in 

species composition through various 

successional stages and management 

practices, and provide insight about the 

ability of species inhabiting mature and 

old-growth forest to compensate for 

habitat alteration by using clearcuts for 

various activities.

 

1



 Scientific names for birds and plants are listed 

on pages 9 and 10.

 

Literature Review 

It is not our intent to review all literature on 

avian communities associated with 

clearcuts. Studies dealing with the Pacific 

Northwest are mentioned below and 

throughout the text. We list other articles 

with the hope that this information will aid 

others in assembling relevant literature; 

literature cited in these papers offers a 

further source of material.

 

There are few major field studies dealing 



with clearcut logging and avian com-

munities in the Pacific Northwest. Hagar 

(1960) compared the avifauna of several 

early growth clearcuts with birds of ma-

ture forests in the Douglas-fir region of 

northwestern California and found that 

species usually associated with weed 

and brush serai stages were favored by 

logging; species requiring mature forests 

were eliminated when larger trees were 

removed. In the Puget Sound region of 

western Washington, Manuwal and 

Munger found that the brush-dominated 

stages after clearcut logging had higher 

total density and diversity of birds than 

uncut stands had.

2

 Here again, species 



usually associated with mature forests 

were eliminated (as breeding species) by 

logging. Mannan (1977) and Mannan and 

others (1980) compared the avifauna of 

stands that received various silvicultural 

treatments (clearcut logging, thinning) in 

the Oregon Coast Ranges. Total bird 

density on clearcuts was nearly equal to 

that in natural Douglas-fir stands 35 to 

100 years old but was characterized by 

ground- and brush-nesting species. 

Hagar (1960), Mannan (1977), Mannan 

and others (1980), and Manuwal and 

Munger (see footnote 2) concluded that 

the severe reduction in snags by clearcut 

logging practices greatly reduced the 

number of primary cavity nesters (for 

example, woodpeckers) and secondary 

cavity nesters (bluebirds) on clearcuts.

 



Manuwal, David A.; Munger, Garet. The effect 

of timber harvest on bird populations in the 

Douglas-fir forests of Washington State. 

Unpublished report on file at the University of 

Washington, Seattle; 1978.

 

1

 



Study Sites

 

From known distributions and habitat 



requirements, Meslow and Wight (1975) 

and Wight (1974) listed birds likely to be 

found iri different successional stages 

west of the Cascade Range. Both articles 

discuss the relative use of, and activity 

patterns on, various serai stages(include-

ing clearcuts) in western Oregon. Al-

though these papers give a useful and 

much needed description of species 

occurrences, the information is too gen-

eral to help forest wildlife biologists 

quantify the use of clearcuts by birds in 

the Oregon Coast Ranges.

 

The effect of clearcut logging on avian 



communities has received more attention 

in areas outside the Pacific Northwest. 

Some of these studies and their general 

geographical locations include: conifer-

ous forests in the Rocky Mountains and 

the Southwest—Austin and Perry (1979), 

Franzreb (1977,1978), Franzreb and 

Ohmart (1978), Ramsden and others 

(1979), and Szaro and Balda (1979a, 

1979b); coniferous, mixed-conifer, and 

hardwood forests in the East and South-

east—Conner and Crawford (1974), 

Conner and Adkisson (1975), Conner 

and others (1975,1979), Michael and 

Thomburgh (1971), Strelke and Dickson 

(1980), Titterington and others (1979), 

and Webb and others (1977); and aspen 

forests of the intermountain west— 

DeByle (1981). Articles dealing with the 

various biological, sociological, and 

economic issues of clearcut logging 

include Hooven (1973), Pengelly (1972), 

Marks and Bormann (1972), and Resler 

(1972). Finally, we suggest that forest 

wildlife biologists review Lack (1933) for 

one of the first discussions of the relation 

between forestry practices and avian 

habitat selection.

 

This study was conducted on 13 clearcuts 



in the Douglas-fir region of the Oregon 

Coast Ranges on land administered by 

the USDA Forest Service, Siuslaw Na-

tional Forest, Alsea and Hebo Ranger 

Districts. This region is characterized by 

subclimax Douglas-fir and climax western 

hemlock and western redcedar; stands 

are being converted to near monotypes of 

Douglas-fir after logging. A thorough 

description of the forest composition, 

successional patterns, and various 

environmental features of this region is 

given by Franklin and Dyrness (1973).

 

The specific locations and general topog-



raphy of all study sites are given in table 1. 

The selection of clearcuts was based on 

the following: (1) a minimum size of 20 

hectares and (2) clearcuts of early growth 

and vegetation considered "typical" by 

Forest Service personnel. All sites were 

clearcut logged (all commercial and 

noncommercial trees were cut). After 

logging, sites were prepared for planting 

by broadcast burning. Douglas-fir seed-

lings were then hand planted over an 

entire site at about 3- by 3-meter spacing. 

At the time of the study, sites ranged from 

4 to 9 years in postplanting age, and 

precommercial thinning had not yet taken 

place. Thinning usually takes place 10 to 

15 years after planting. During precom-

mercial thinning, deciduous trees and 

less vigorous conifers are felled to in-

crease the spacing between the remain-

ing conifers Certain sites received aerial

 

herbicide treatment 4 to 5 years after 



planting to reduce competition for conifer 

seedlings from shrubs and deciduous 

trees. Sprayed and unsprayed (control) 

study sites were also used for an exami-

nation of the effects of herbicide treatment 

on avian community structure. Although 

herbicides suppressed shrub growth for a 

period, plant composition was not mark-

edly different between sprayed and 

unsprayed sites (Morrison 1982). These 

results represent a sampling of sites and 

silvicultural practices likely to be encoun-

tered on clearcuts in the Oregon Coast 

Ranges (rather than only sprayed or 

unsprayed areas).

 

For a detailed description of the vegeta-



tion on each site, see Franklin and 

Dyrness (1973). All sites were selected 

according to obvious structural 

similarities, and a general description of 

vegetation structure and species com-

position follows.

 

Vegetation was characterized by a dense 



and ubiquitous shrub layer (40 to 75 

percent total cover) dominated by sal-

monberry, thimbleberry, vine maple, and 

salal. Dominants in the low shrub-herb 

layer included swordfern, bracken fern, 

tansy ragwort, foxglove, pearly everlast-

ing, Oregon oxalis, and various grasses. 

With an average height of less than 2.0 

meters, Douglas-fir had not yet assumed 

a position of dominance (less than 10 

percent cover) on most sites. Red alder 

provided the only significant vertical 

structure on the sites. Most alder, ranging 

up to 8.0 meters in height, were concen-

trated in gullies and areas of soil 

disturbance.

 

2

 



Table 1—Description of 13 clearcuts in the Coast Ranges of Oregon

 

 



1

/ U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service site designation; on file at Alsea Ranger Station, Alsea, Oregon. 

2

/ At time of each census, the number of years after planting; most seedlings were planted at 2 years of age. 



 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



Methods

 

Avian Census Technique 

The census technique used was the 

variable circular-plot method (Reynolds 

and others 1980). Of the 13 study sites, 

11 were censused for one season each 

during 1979,1980, or 1981; and 2 sites 

were censused for all 3 years. Ten census 

stations (fixed sampling points) were 

established on each site. No station was 

closer than 100 meters to the clearcut 

edge, nor closer than 100 meters to the 

next nearest station. Beginning at sun-

rise, birds were censused at each station 

for 8 minutes. Censusing birds at the 

10 stations on a site required about  

2 hours; only one census was conducted 

per day. Birds on each site were cen-

sused once a week during the peak of the 

nesting season (May to July) for a total of 

five censuses a year for each site. Results 

of these censuses were combined to give 

an estimate of density for each species 

per site per year. Bird species diversity 

(Shannon and Weaver 1949) and even-

ness (Pielou 1966) were also calculated 

for each site. Birds soaring over and 

apparently using a site for foraging (for 

example, raptors), and birds observed 

before or after a morning census (but not 

seen during the census) were not re-

corded, but the time and location of such 

birds were noted. The mean number of 

observations per 40.5 hectares was used 

as the density estimate for these species. 

Because study sites were visited only 

during daylight, nocturnal species (owls) 

are not considered.

 

Results and Discussion

 

Nesting Species 

Of the 53 species observed on the clear-

cuts, 22 were nesting (table 2); however, 

only 11 of these were considered com-

mon or abundant. The nesting bird com-

munity typical of clearcuts in the Oregon 

Coast Ranges is dominated by white-

crowned and song sparrows, rufous-

sided towhee; rufous hummingbird; 

orange-crowned, MacGillivray's, and 

Wilson's warblers; willow flycatcher; and 

Swainson's thrush. Dark-eyed junco, 

Bewick's wren, American goldfinch, 

American robin, wrentit, and black-

headed grosbeak were regular but rela-

tively uncommon nesters. Cavity-nesting 

species were extremely rare on all sites.

 

All the common to abundant nesting 



species nest and forage on or near the 

ground; typically used substrates include 

various shrubs (salmonberry, thimble-

berry, salal), Douglas-fir, and deciduous 

trees (especially red alder). Shrubs and 

conifer seedlings were widespread over 

all sites; they provide ample cover for 

species preferring low, shrubby habitat 

(sparrows, towhee, hummingbird, 

orange-crowned and MacGillivray's 

warblers). More local in distribution were 

species that included deciduous trees 

(red alder, for example) in their habitat. 

Density of several species, especially the 

Wilson's warbler, Swainson's thrush, and 

black-headed grosbeak, appeared to be 

related to the density of red alder.

 

Primary and secondary cavity-nesting 



species were extremely rare as breeding 

species on all study sites. Seldom did a 

site have more than 2 to 10 snags of 

adequate size (>20-30 cm in d.b.h. and 

>4-6 m in height) to be suitable as nesting 

sites for most cavity nesters; see Bull 

(1978), Thomas and others (1979), and 

Mannan and others (1980). A 30-hectare 

clearcut would typically support one 

nesting pair of either hairy woodpecker, 

western bluebird, or chestnut-backed 

chickadee; several sites had no nests of 

cavity-nesting species.

 

The total density of nesting individuals 



ranged from 322 to 588 birds per 40.5 

hectares (table 3). Species richness 

ranged from 15 to 19 species per site, 

diversity from 2.27 to 2.60, and evenness 

from 0.834 to 0.900. Mannan (1977) 

found a similar diversity (2.63) for the 

avian community on 10-year-old clear-

cuts in the Oregon Coast Ranges. Non-

nesting birds were not included in overall 

density and diversity because of the often 

sporadic occurrence and varied activities 

of these species.

 

For all sites, total density of nesting birds 



was lower in 1980 compared with 1979 

and 1981. Reasons for such variation in 

density are obscure but may include 

weather conditions, food availability, 

observer error, or other factors. Caution 

should be used if census data are used to 

make comparisons between sites and 

years.


 

     4

 



 

Table 2—Estimated density, frequency of occurrence, and abundance of avifauna associated with early growth vegetation 

in 13 clearcuts in the Oregon Coast Ranges, by activity and species

5

 



Table 2—Estimated density, frequency of occurrence, and abundance of avifauna associated with early growth vegetation in 

13 clearcuts in the Oregon Coast Ranges, by activity and species—{continued)

 

 



1/ For species with greater than 50-percent occurrence: R (rare) = 1 to 4 birds/40.5 ha; U (uncommon) = 5 to 15; 

C (common) = 16 to 40; A (abundant) = >41. For species wjth less than about 50-percent occurrence: 

S (sporadic) = (any density). 

.

 



 6


Table 3—Density, diversity, evenness, and species richness of birds nesting on clearcuts of early growth timber in the 

Oregon Coast Ranges, by site number

 

 



1/

 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service site designation; on file at Alsea Ranger Station, Alsea, Oregon. 

2/

 Pielou (1966).



 

7


Regularly Observed Species 

Many birds regularly encountered on the 

sites usually nested in adjacent mature 

stands and used clearcuts for various 

other activities, especially foraging. 

Notable in this category were cavity-

nesting birds, including hairy and downy 

woodpeckers, common flicker, yellow-

bellied sapsucker, and chestnut-backed 

chickadee. The pileated woodpecker, a 

species usually associated with mature 

and old-growth forests (Bull and Meslow 

1977), was observed foraging on down 

logs on several sites. The black-capped 

chickadee, which apparently nests in the 

lower foothills of the Oregon Coast 

Ranges, sporadically visited clearcuts at 

higher elevations, especially during the 

nonnesting season. Other species, 

including the Steller's jay, purple finch, 

band-tailed pigeon, cedar waxwing, 

olive-sided flycatcher, and evening 

grosbeak were also observed foraging 

and perching, but not nesting, on 

clearcuts.

 

Several of the species listed as "Perching 



(activity unknown)" or "Foraging" in this 

study have been observed nesting on 

clearcuts in the Oregon Coast Ranges— 

Mannan (1977) recorded the infrequent 

nesting of the common bushtit, Town-

send's solitaire, and house wren on the 

10-year-old sites he studied.

 

Occasionally Observed Species 

Birds in this final category were a minor 

component (by density) of clearcuts in the 

Oregon Coast Ranges. Included here are 

the raptorial species, all of which were 

observed actively foraging over the 

clearcuts (as opposed to simply flying 

directly over an area). The sharp-shinned, 

Cooper's, and red-tailed hawks were 

seen flying about or perched on the sites 

only infrequently. Turkey vultures were 

more common visitors to clearcuts than 

the hawks, foraging over several sites 

each year.

 

The remaining species in this category 



were mostly passerines that usually 

nested in surrounding habitats. Included 

were the warbling and Hutton's vireos; 

winter wren; brown-headed cowbird; 

Townsend's solitaire; Brewer's blackbird; 

pine siskin; western wood pewee; yellow, 

hermit, and black-throated gray warblers; 

chipping sparrow; western tanager; 

common bushtit; and rough-winged 

swallow. Although brown-headed cow-

birds were observed on the clearcuts, the 

rate of nest parasitism by this species 

was not assessed.

 

Conclusions and 



Management Considerations

 

Avian communities associated with early 



growth clearcuts in the Oregon Coast 

Ranges are characterized by species that 

apparently prefer a shrub-dominated 

habitat (sprarrows, towhee, certain 

warblers); such species should be ex-

pected as regular nesters on all clearcuts. 

Where deciduous trees are present, such 

as in gullies, wet depressions, and along 

logging roads, species that utilize the 

vertical structure provided by deciduous 

trees are found (Wilson's warbler, Swain-

son's thrush, black-headed grosbeak). 

Deciduous trees increase both the verti-

cal and horizontal patchiness or hetero-

geneity of vegetation structure on clear-

cuts and allow utilization of the sites by a 

greater number of individuals of certain 

species compared with sites lacking 

deciduous trees.

 

Several authors have recommended that 



a minimum of 5 or 6 snags per hectare are 

required to maintain a nesting population 

of most primary and secondary cavity 

nesters on an area (Balda 1975; Cunning-

ham and others 1980; Scott 1979; 

Thomas and others 1979, table 18). 

Mannan and others (1980) suggested 11 

snags per hectare (>48 cm in d.b.h., 

>4.4 m in height) as an optimum density 

of snags, indicating that even 6 snags 

may be insufficient to maintain functional 

populations of cavity-nesting species in 

the forest ecosystem (to maintain their 

role in insect predation). It is thus signify-

cant that clearcuts in this study had only 

about 0.3 snag per hectare. Similarly, 

Cline and others (1980) found a mean 

density of 0.5 snag (>9 cm in d.b.h.) per 

hectare in 10-year-old clearcuts in the 

Oregon Coast Ranges.

 




Birds and Plants

 

In summary, the following actions could. 



increase the numbers and kinds of birds 

nesting on clearcuts:

 

1.  Maintain patches of deciduous trees 



(for example, red alder, bigleaf maple, 

elderberry). Appropriate places for reten- 

tion of deciduous trees would be along 

logging roads and landings, in wet de- 

pressions and areas of unstable soils, 

and along permanent and intermittent (all 

classes) stream courses, where conifers 

are often difficult to establish. Patches 

may be relatively small in area (5 to 10 m 

by 10 to 20 m; Morrison 1982). 

2. Retain snags during logging operations 

whenever possible; killing and leaving 

large culls instead of felling them may be 

necessary. Although the minimum num 

ber of snags required was not directly 

assessed in this study, literature available 

indicates that 6 snags (>20 to 30 cm in 

d.b.h., >4-6 m in height) per hectare 

should be provided on each clearcut, 

11 snags may be more appropriate. Data 

presented in Thomas and others (1979) 

for eastern Oregon and Washington 

provide general guidelines for snag 

management on a species-specific basis 

that can be followed until similar informa-

tion is available for western Oregon 

forests.

 

3. Leave large (>20-30 cm in d.b.h.), 



down material (logs) scattered about 

each site to serve as foraging substrate 

for woodpeckers and other birds. In 

addition, various species of amphibians, 

reptiles, and mammals use logs (Maser 

and others 1979).

 

Actions such as these increase the 



diversity of habitats available for birds 

and will enhance both species richness 

and diversity of avian communities on 

clearcuts.

 

Common name

 

Birds:



3

Turkey vulture

 

Sharp-shinned hawk



 

Cooper's hawk

 

Red-tailed hawk



 

Mountain quail

 

Band-tailed pigeon



 

Common nighthawk

 

Rufous hummingbird



 

Yellow-bellied sapsucker

 

Pileated woodpecker



 

Northern flicker

 

Hairy woodpecker



 

Downy woodpecker

 

Western wood-pewee



 

Olive-sided flycatcher

 

Willow flycatcher



 

Violet-green swallow

 

Tree swallow



 

Northern rough-winged swallow

 

Steller'sjay



 

Black-capped chickadee

 

Chestnut-backed chickadee



 

Bushtit


 

Wrentit


 

Bewick's wren

 

Winter wren



 

House wren

 

Townsend's solitaire



 

American robin

 

Swainson's thrush



 

varied thrush

 

Western bluebird



 

Cedar waxwing

 

Warbling vireo



 

Hutton'svireo

 

Orange-crowned warbler



 

MacGillivray's warbler

 

Wilson's warbler



 

Yellow warbler

 

Black-throated gray warbler



 

Hermit warbler

 

Brewer's blackbird



 

Brown-headed cowbird

 

Western tanager



 

Black-headed grosbeak

 

Evening grosbeak



 

Purple finch

 

Pine siskin



 

American goldfinch

 

Rufous-sided towhee



 

Dark-eyed junco

 

Chipping sparrow



 

White-crowned sparrow

 

Song sparrow



 

3

Authority for birds is American Ornithologists' 



Union (1982).

 

Scientific name

 

 

 



 

Cathartes aura 

Accipiterstriatus 

Accipiter cooperii 

Buteojamaicensis  

Oreortyx pictus 

Columba fasciata 

Chordeiles minor 

Selasphorus rufus 

Sphyrapicus varius 

Dryocopus pileatus 

Colaptes auratus 

Picoides villosus 

Picoides pubescens 

Contopus sordidulus 

Contopus borealis 

Empidonax traillii 

Tachycineta thalassina 

Tachycineta bicolor 

Stelgidopteryx serripennis 

Cyanocitta stelleri 

Parus atricapillus 

Paws rufescens 

Psaltriparus minimus 

Chamaea fasciata 

Thryomanes bewickii 

Troglodytes troglodytes 

Troglodytes aedon 

Myadestes townsendi 

Turdus migratorius 

Catharus ustulatus 

Ixoreus naevius 

Sialia mexicana 

Bombycilla cedrorum 

Vireo gilvus 

Vireo huttoni 

Vermivora celata 

Oporornis tolmiei 

Wilsonia pusilla 

Dendroica petechia 

Dendroica nigrescens 

Dendroica occidentalis 

Euphagus cyanocephalus 

Molothrus ater 

Piranga ludoviciana 

Pheucticus melanocephalus 

Coccothraustes vespertinus 

Carpodacus purpureus 

Carduelis pinus 

Carduelis tristis 

Pipilo erythrophthalmus 

Junco hyemalis 

Spizella passerina 

Zonotrichia leucophrys 

Melospiza melodia 

9

 



Common name

 

Plants:


4

Douglas-fir 

Western hemlock 

Western red cedar 

Salmonberry 

Thimbleberry 

Vine maple 

Salal


 

Swordfern 

Tansy ragwort 

Foxglove 

Pearly everlasting 

Oregon oxalis 

Red alder 

Aspen


 

Bigleaf maple 

Elderberry

 

4



Authority for plants is Hitchcock and Cronquist 

(1973).


 

Scientific name

 

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco 

Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg 

Thuja plicata Donn 

Rubus spectabilis Pursh 

Rubus pan/iflorus Nutt 

Acercircinatum Pursh 

Gaultheria shallon Pursh 

Polystichum munitum (Kaulf.) Presl 

Senecio jacobaea L. 

Digitalis purpurea 

Anaphalis margaritacea (L) B. & H. 

Oxalis oregana Nutt. ex T. & G. 

Alnus rubra Bong 

Populus tremuloides Michx. 

Acermacrophyllum Pursh 

Sambuscus racemosa L

 

Acknowledgments

 

This is a contribution of Oregon Coopera-



tive Wildlife Research Unit: Oregon 

Department of Fish and Wildlife, Oregon 

State University, U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service, and the Wildlife Management 

Institute. The Oregon Cooperative 

Wildlife Research Unit has been involved 

with forest wildlife research since the 

early 1970's. Much of this research has 

been funded by the USDA Forest Service, 

Pacific Northwest Forest and Range 

Experiment Station, La Grande, Oregon 

(Range and Wildlife Habitat Research 

Project USDA-FS-PNW-1701) through a 

series of Cooperative Agreements with 

Oregon State University (OSU Supple-

merits No. 214,192,152, and 104). This 

paper draws on expertise and data 

gathered coincident to the above re-

search efforts. Oregon State University 

Agricultural Experiment Station Technical 

Paper No. 6196.

 

English Equivalents of 



Metric Units

 

1 hectare = 2.47 inches 



1 meter = 39.37 inches 

1 centimeter = 0.39 inch

 

 10


 


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Effects of clearcutting on the diversity of 

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1979b. 8 p.

 

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Thomas, Jack Ward, tech. ed. Wildlife 

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Mountains of Oregon and Washington. 

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Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; 

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Management Institute and the U.S. Depart-

ment of the Interior, Bureau of Land 

Management.

 

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B. N. Songbird responses to commercial 

clear-cutting in Maine spruce-fir forests. J. 

Wildl. Manage. 43(3): 602-609; 1979.

 

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songbird populations in a northern 

hardwood forest. Wildl. Monogr. 55:1 -35. 

1977.


 

Wight, Howard M. Nongame wildlife and forest 

management. In: Black, Hugh, C, ed. 

Wildlife and forest management in the 

Pacific Northwest. Corvallis, OR: Oregon . 

State University, School of Forestry; 1974: 

27-38.

 

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types of the United States. Agric. Handb. 

445. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture; 1973:8-10.

 

12



Morrison, Michael L; Meslow, E. Charles. Avifauna associated 

with early growth vegetation on clearcuts in the Oregon Coast 

Ranges. Res. Pap. PNW-305. Portland, OR: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and 

Range Experiment Station; 1983.12 p. 

This paper provides estimates of bird density, diversity, and even-

ness on 13 clearcut units of the Siuslaw National Forest in the 

Coast Ranges of Oregon, sampled during 1979,1980, and 1981. 

Total density of nesting birds ranged from 322 to 588 per 

40.5 hectares (100 acres); there were 15 to 19 species nesting on 

each site. 

Keywords: Bird habitat, population distribution, clearcutting, 

Oregon (Coast Ranges), Coast Ranges—Oregon. 



The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of 

Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple 

use management of the Nation's forest resources 

for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, 

and recreation. Through forestry research, 

cooperation with the States and private forest 

owners, and management of the National Forests 

and National Grasslands, it strives — as directed by 

Congress — to provide increasingly greater service 

to a growing Nation.

 

The U.S. Department of Agriculture is an Equal 



Opportunity Employer. Applicants for all Department 

programs will be given equal consideration without 

regard to age, race, color, sex, religion, or national 

origin.


 

Pacific Northwest Forest and Range 

Experiment Station 

809 NE Sixth Avenue 



Portland, Oregon 97232

 

Document Outline

  • Authors
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Literature Review
  • Study Sites
  • Results and Discussion
  • Avian Census Technique
  • Nesting Species
  • Conclusions and Management Consideration
  • Regularly Observed Species
  • Occasionally Observed Species
  • Birds and Plants
  • Acknowledgments
  • English Equivalents of Metric Units
  • Scientific name
  • Common Name
  • Literature Cited

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