Foundations of individual behavior Objective Relacionar satisfacción y productividad

Foundations of individual behavior

Objective

• Relacionar satisfacción y productividad

• ¿qué es la disonancia cognoscitiva?

• Relación entre actitud y comportamiento

• 5 variables de la personalidad y desempeño

• Porque dos personas pueden ver lo mismo e interpretarlo como cosas distintas

• Teoría de la atribución

• Proceso de aprendizaje.

Some psychology concepts

Attitudes

• Evaluative statements–either favorable or unfavorable- concerning objects, people or events

• We are interested in attitudes about the work…

• “I like my job”

Attitudes: Job satisfaction

Attitudes: …What determines job Satisfaction ?

• Mentally challenging work
• Equitable rewards
• Supportive working conditions
• Supportive colleagues-

• People want jobs were:

• They can apply their abilities an capacities
• Task variety
• Freedom and feedback

Attitudes: ..what determines Job Satisfaction?

Attitudes: Job Satisfaction

• People expect more than material…

• People seeks:

• Personal communications
• Friendship
• Support from other people
• (socializes)

Productivity and job satisfaction

• The more satisfaction are more productive?

• …
• It’s not clear…
• Ti has same effects

• Other factors have more influence… as working in a chain

• But productivity provides satisfaction

Cognitive dissonance

• Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes.

• people will attempt to reduce the dissonance and, hence the discomfort

• Way to reduce dissonance:

• Change the job
• Change the behavior
• …it's unimportant
• Change the attitude
• Seek more consonant elements

Cognitive dissonance

• Factors

• uncontrollable…
• Rewards…

Personality

• The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to an interact with others.

• Sixteen primary traits:

• Reserved - Outgoing
• Less intelligent - More intelligent
• Affected by feelings- Emotionally stable
• Submissive - Dominant
• Serious – Happy-go-lucky

Indicador de tipos Myers-Briggs

• Extroverted - Introverted (E o I)

• Sensing - Intuitive (S o N)

• thinking - felling (T o F)

• Perceiving - judging (P o J)

• INTJ (Visionaries,… determined)

• ESTJ (Organizers,…)

• ENTP (Conceptualizer,…)

• NTs (Business people supersuccessful firms)

Personality: The big five model.

• Extraversion:

• sociable, talkative and assertive.

• Agreeableness:

• Good natured, cooperative and trusting.

• Conscientiousness:

• responsible, dependable, persistent and achievement oriented

• Emotional stability:

• Calm, enthusiastic, secure (positive) vs. tense, nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative).

• Openness to experience:

• Imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity and intellectualism

Major personality attributes influencing OB

• Locus of control

• Internals
• Externals

• Machiavellianism

• self esteem

• Self monitoring

• Risk taking

• Type A personality

• Type B personality

Typology of personality

• Realistic:

• physical activities, require skill, strength, and coordination
• Shy, genuine/ persistent, stable, conforming, practical
• Mechanic, drill press operator, assembly line worker, farmer

• Investigative

• activities that involve thinking, organizing, and understanding
• Analytical, original, curious, independent
• Biologist, economist, mathematician, news reporter

Typology of personality

• Social:

• activities that involve helping and developing others
• Sociable, friendly, cooperative, understanding
• Social worker, teacher, counselor, clinical psychologist

• Conventional:

• rule-regulated, orderly, and unambiguous activities
• Conforming, efficient, practical, unimaginative, inflexible
• Accountant, corporate manager, bank teller, file clerk

Typology of personality

• Enterprising:

• verbal activities where there are opportunities to influence others and attain power
• Self-confident, ambitious, energetic, domineering
• Lawyer, real estate agent, public relations specialist, small business manager

• Artistic:

• ambiguous and unsystematic activities that allow creative expression
• Imaginative, disorderly, idealistic, emotional, impractical
• Painter, musician, writer, interior decorator

Matching personalities and Jobs

Perception

• A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment

• Factors influencing perception:

• The perceiver,
• Attitudes, motives, interest, experience, expectations
• The target
• Novelty, motion, sounds, size, background, proximity
• The situation
• Time, work setting, social setting

Attribution theory

• When we observe people we attempt to develop explanations of why they behave in certain ways.

• When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.

• Internally: under control of individual.

• Externally: outside causes.

Attribution theory

• Determination depends on:

• Distinctiveness
• Different behaviors in different situations.
• As usually or he don’t use to do this.
• Consensus
• Everyone do the same in this situation.
• Consistency
• Does the person respond the same over time?

Attribution theory

• There is a tendency for individuals to attribute their own success to internal factors such as ability or effort while putting the blame for failure on external factors as luck.

Shortcuts in judging others

• Selective perception

• People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interest, background, experience, and attitudes.

• Contrast effects

• Comparison with otter people about same characteristic.

• projection

• Attributing one’s own characteristics to he other people.

• Stereotyping

• Perception of the group to which that person belongs.

• Halo effect

• Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis or a single characteristic.

Learning

• Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as result of experience.

• How do we learn?

• Classical conditioning
• Behavior depends on consequences (money, smiles,…)
• Positive consequences: repeat.
• Negative consequences: do no repeat.

Learning

Learning

• Operant conditioning

• slow, rewards, punishment.
• Test and fail

• Shaping

• By observing what happens to other people.
• Quick

Bibliography:

• Robbins, Comportamiento Organizativo, Prentice Hall, 1999.