13
th
International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management (PSAM 13)
2~7 October, 2016 • Sheraton Grande Walkerhill • Seoul, Korea • www.psam13.org
1
IMPACTS OF EMISSIONS ON THE ENVINRONMENT WITHIN FIRES IN BUILDINGS OCCURRENCE IN
SLOVAKIA
Katarina Holla¹ Maria Hudaková ² Jozef Svetlik ³
1
professor assistant, University of Zilina in Zilina: 1. Mája 32, Žilina, Slovakia, 010 26, katarina.holla@fbi.uniza.sk
2
professor assistant, University of Zilina in Zilina: 1. Mája 32, Žilina, Slovakia, 010 26, maria.hudakova@fbi.uniza.sk
³ professor assistant, University of Zilina in Zilina:: 1. Mája 32, Žilina, Slovakia, 010 26, jozef.svetlik@fbi.uniza.sk
The present article deals with a quantitate methodology to determine the impacts of fires which can occur in different
types of buildings on the environment developed by project team from University of Zilina in Zilina. The main outcome is
stating hazardousness of different kind of buildings for environment in case of fire occurrence and risk matrix which can be
used in risk assessment process for impact analysis. There were experts not only from the university environment (project
team) involved, but also from practice contributing to the compilation of a structured and systematic approach.
I. 1.
PRESENT STATE OF ART
The issues of environmental burdens and impacts of the crisis phenomena on the environment is being paid less attention
than to loss of life and financial losses on property [20, 22]. The problem nowadays is CO2 which contributes to global
warming and climate changes on earth. However, air is only one part of the environment, and therefore we should not forget
others. It is mainly a question of sustainable development, which is associated with this [19, 21].
The issue of the impact of fires in buildings on the environment is not addressed in many sources. Under the project
„Scoping study on the impact of fire on the environment and building sustainability“ commissioned by Communities and
Local Government and carried out by BRE provide clear information to assist Communities and Local Government in
developing their priorities for future research on how (or whether) to include environmental protection and sustainability in
Approved Document B and how (or whether) to include the impacts of fire in the Communities and Local Government wider
sustainability agenda for buildings and construction.
In Slovakia, this issue has not been researched yet. There are few papers/documents describing the problem in theory but
to determine the exact impact on the environment, the project team consisting of different researchers in Slovakia has not
found many relevant information in the analysis of existing resources.
Given the facts above and on the basis of available information, meetings and consultations with experts, project team
has decided to create a new approach to environmental risk assessment, which is listed below and will be part of the model
created by the project FIREFF.
I. 2.
GOALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
Based on an analysis of existing approaches to the assessment of the impacts of fires in buildings on the environment we
set the main objective. The main objective was to create an approach for the environmental risk assessment based on the
analysis and assessment (quantification) of hazard buildings in terms of impacts of emissions to the environment in the
development of fires in Slovakia.
Impacts on the environment are very difficult to determine in some cases, depending on a number of factors and there is
a number of variables/data entering the overall assessment process, which it is necessary to consider. In the processing of this
procedure, we have used several methods like brainstorming, brainwriting, what-if analysis, CCA analysis, interview, expert
review and many other methods. We have combined materials, which we found in the scientific literature and legal standards
13
th
International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management (PSAM 13)
2~7 October, 2016 • Sheraton Grande Walkerhill • Seoul, Korea • www.psam13.org
2
and regulations with the knowledge we have gained through consultations with experts and team meetings. Relevant
references that helped us within methodology creation are presented bellow in each step of this approach.
I. 3.
RESULTS OF RESEARCH
On the basis of the analysis of the current state of the art, available domestic and foreign documents, interviews and
meetings with experts from the practice were organised and therefore was designed the basic procedure to determine the
impact of emissions on the environment when creation and development of fires in the different kind of buildings.
In order to meet the objective defined, we ran an analysis of input materials from a variety of domestic and foreign
sources of the issue, and then set the input data necessary for the determination of impacts of emissions and fire-
extinguishing substances on the environment in the liquidation of fires in Slovak conditions. The procedure was as follows:
a)
Proposal for categorisation of buildings
The categorization of buildings is based on the distribution within the meaning of the standards STN 92 0201 Structural
fire protection [4]. This categorisation is based on the type of occupancy of the building or area. The basic prerequisite is that
kind of use of the building is one of the primary factors determining the risk of fire hazardousness. Whereas the type of
occupancy of the buildings is usually associated with a certain type of fuel – equipment and facilities of the building, it is also
possible to establish the basic parameters of the fire in such a way – speed of increase, fire load, the nature of the fuel, etc.
The categorisation chosen in such a way retains compatibility with existing standards; in practice, there will not, therefore, be
further classification necessary for the purposes of determining the impact of the fire on the environment. Analyses of
statistical data of fires provided in Slovakia confirm the appropriateness of categorisation specified. The categorisation of
buildings proposed is also a good material used for the purposes of international comparison, which is analysed in more
details [6]. The categorisation of buildings proposed is as follows:
administration buildings,
buildings for learning – buildings for education, science and research,
recreational buildings – buildings for culture and physical education and historical and religious buildings and
objects,
buildings in the health sector,
buildings for commerce - building for business and public catering,
buildings for shared accommodation and recreation,
buildings for social security,
industrial buildings – buildings for production, energy and water management buildings,
buildings for transport – buildings for transport and communications, building for the garage and maintenance
of vehicles, garages as part of other buildings, buildings for garage and maintenance of agricultural vehicles,
buildings for agriculture - buildings for hunting and forestry activity, building for livestock and crop production,
objects in the storage of agricultural products, other buildings for the storage of agricultural products,
buildings for storage - dedicated buildings for storage,
residential housing stock.
b)
The determination of the size of the fires from the perspective of the impact on the environment
There are several possible divisions, which are related to this area and subsequent verbal descriptions. Considering the
basic classical division of the size of the fire into 5 categories, on the basis of consultations with the expert group we have
excluded the local fire following the consultation (0 – 50 m2) as well as small fire (room of origin 5 – 50 m2), whose impact
on the environment in case of emission is negligible. On the basis of this assessment, we determined the size of the fires from
the perspective of the impact on the environment as follows:
Medium-sized fire (1/2 area of the fire zone 50 – 500 m2).
Big fire (entire fire zone 500 – 1 000 m2).
Catastrophic fire (extension outside the fire zone above 1 000 m2).
13
th
International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management (PSAM 13)
2~7 October, 2016 • Sheraton Grande Walkerhill • Seoul, Korea • www.psam13.org
3
c)
The determination of the percentage of the material in the categorisation of buildings specified in Slovak conditions.
On the basis of the proposed categorisation of buildings, it was necessary to assign corresponding types of space
according to STN 92 0201 to the individual categories [4]. The material they are composed from, we simply divided into
three basic categories:
cellulose - Q
C
,
plastics – Q
P
,
chemicals – Q
CH
.
It is necessary to establish proportional representation in each building since this material found in construction
significantly affects the increase of fire (so-called the coefficient of increase in fire - slow, medium, fast, ultra fast) [1]. For
this reason we have created so-called a table of the percentage of material in the construction. When creating this percentage
we were used also expert estimates of practitioners [16]. In practice, there is a significant number of different types of
materials in constructions, therefore, we had to do some simplification of this division. As an example we can mention the
category 10 (buildings for agriculture), where the percentage of material in the building can fluctuate in plastics and
chemicals. It is not possible to determine it exactly because we have had to establish the individual values using the expert
estimation and create a representative sample of the material in the various categories of buildings in Table I [2, 3].
Table I Percentage of the material in the categorisation of buildings
Categorisation of
buildings
Classification
according to α-
coefficient
increase in the
fire
Type of space
Percentage of material in the
building
Cellulose
- Q
C
Plastics
- Q
P
Chemicals
- Q
CH
1.
Administrative
buildings
Intermediate
offices, record offices, meeting
rooms, foyers, corridors
90%
10%
0%
2.
Building for
learning
Intermediate
classrooms, lecture rooms,
archives, common dressing room
80%
20%
0%
3.
Recreational
buildings
Fast
auditorium, cinema, concert hall,
exhibitions, museums, churches
60%
40%
0%
4.
Building in the
health sector
Intermediate
bed rooms, waiting rooms,
pharmacies, massage and rehab.
room
50%
50%
0%
5.
Buildings for
commerce
Fast
glass, meat, food, toys, textiles,
clothing,, drugs, music tools
30%
40%
30%
6.
Building for
accommodation and
recreation
Intermediate
receptions, halls, corridors, coffee
shops, night clubs, cafeterias, bar
rooms
40%
55%
5%
7.
Buildings for social
security
Fast
homes for retirees
40%
55%
5%
8.
Industry buildings
Intermediate
textiles, clothing,, engineering,
chemical, electronics industry
20%
40%
40%
9.
Buildings for
transport
Intermediate
waiting rooms, left-luggage office,
foyers, corridors, passageways
80%
20%
0%
10.
Buildings for
agriculture
Ultra fast
storages, stables, sheds, drying
room, manufacturing of compound
feeding stuffs
80%
10%
10%
11.
Buildings for
storage
Ultra fast
Storehouses
35%
35%
30%
12.
Residential housing
Fast
residential houses, family houses
45%
45%
10%
13
th
International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management (PSAM 13)
2~7 October, 2016 • Sheraton Grande Walkerhill • Seoul, Korea • www.psam13.org
4
B.
HAZARDOUSNESS OF BUILDINGS ASSESSEMENT
The analysis and evaluation of the impact of emissions on the environment when developing of fires within predefined
categorisation of buildings we proceeded as follows:
a)
The calculation of the degree of seriousness of the emissions and the occurrence of material from the perspective
of the impact on the environment point of view.
To assess the risk of buildings in terms of emissions to the environment impact, we first define the main criteria:
The degree (extent) of seriousness of the material that has the greatest negative impacts in the emissions leaked when
burning fires on the environment in different buildings – Zi.
Percentage (occurrence) of the material within the prescribed categorisation of buildings in the Slovak Republic – Qi.
According to expert estimates of the project team, experts from practice and technical-scientific analysis of domestic and
foreign literature, we can assume that the greatest danger, in terms of emission and their subsequent impacts on the
environment, is represented by these materials with a specified coefficient (Z):
Plastics – coefficient Zp – 0.45,
Chemicals – coefficient Zch – 0.35,
Cellulose – coefficient Zc – 0.2.
We decided to set in order plastic, cellulose and chemical material as the most frequent materials used in buildings
sculptures. We consider cellulose less dangerous for environment in case of fire occurrence because there are less dangerous
exhausts. According to comparison of chemical and plastic coefficient it depends on nature of hazardous substance (more
dangerous or less dangerous), that is why we placed on first place plastic because it is always dangerous for the environment
when building fire occurrence. Then we split number 1 into relative pieces and allocated each to certain material according to
stated order.
Table II shows the results of calculating seriousness of emission and presence of materials in terms of the impacts on
environment at the specified categorisation of buildings in Slovakia using MS Excel.
Table II calculation of the degree of seriousness of the emissions and the occurrence of material from the perspective of the
impact on the environment point of view
No.
Categorisation
of buildings
Type of space
Percentage of material in the
building - Q
Impact of emissions on the environment
Cellulose -
Q
c
Plastic -
Q
p
Chemical
s - Q
ch
Cellulos
e
severity
- Z
c
Plastic
severity
- Z
p
Chemic
al
severity
– Z
ch
Final
index -
I
E
Rank
1.
Administrative
buildings
offices, record
offices, meeting
rooms, foyers,
corridors
0.90
0.10
0.00
0.20
0.45
0.35
0.23
12
2.
Buildings for
education
classrooms,
lecture rooms,
archives,
common
dressing room
0.80
0.20
0.00
0.20
0.45
0.35
0.25
10.11
3.
Recreational
buildings
auditorium,
cinema, concert
hall,
exhibitions,
0.60
0.40
0.00
0.20
0.45
0.35
0.30
8
13
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International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management (PSAM 13)
2~7 October, 2016 • Sheraton Grande Walkerhill • Seoul, Korea • www.psam13.org
5
museums,
churches
4.
Buildings in the
health sector
bed rooms,
waiting rooms,
pharmacies,
massage and
rehab. Room
0.50
0.50
0.00
0.20
0.45
0.35
0.33
5,6,7
5.
Buildings for
commerce
glass, meat,
food, toys,
textiles,
clothing,, drugs,
music tools
0.30
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.45
0.35
0.35
2,34
6.
Buildings for
shared
accommodation
and recreation
receptions,
halls, corridors,
coffee shops,
night clubs,
cafeterias, bar
rooms
0.40
0.55
0.05
0.20
0.45
0.35
0.35
2,34
7.
Buildings for
social security
homes for
retirees
0.40
0.55
0.05
0.20
0.45
0.35
0.35
2,34
8.
Industrial
buildings
textiles,
clothing,,
engineering,
chemical,
electronics
industry
0.20
0.40
0.40
0.20
0.45
0.35
0.36
1
9.
Buildings for
transport
waiting rooms,
left-luggage
office, foyers,
corridors,
passageways
0.80
0.20
0.00
0.20
0.45
0.35
0.25
10,11
10.
Buildings for
agriculture
storages,
stables, sheds,
drying room,
manufacturing
of compound
feeding stuffs
0.90
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.45
0.35
0.26
9
11.
Buildings for
storage
storehouses
0.35
0.35
0.30
0.20
0.45
0.35
0.33
5,6,7
12.
Residential
housing stock
residential
houses, family
houses
0.45
0.45
0.10
0.20
0.45
0.35
0.33
5,6,7
b)
The hazard categorisation of buildings from the viewpoint of the emission of fires on the environment
On the basis of the calculation of the seriousness of emissions and the occurrence of material in individual buildings, we
have asymmetrically divided ranges of individual intervals and assigned different types of buildings to hazard categories in
terms of emission impacts of fires on the environment in Slovakia. Most types of buildings were included in the first category
of hazard as very dangerous buildings. These results also agree with their subsequent assessment by the team of experts in
fire safety area.
Table III Categorisation of buildings based on the hazard in view of the emissions of fires on the environment
13
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International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management (PSAM 13)
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Degree
Hazard category of buildings in terms of fire
emissions on the environment
Types of buildings
(number)
Interval variance
1
very dangerous buildings
8,5,6,7,4,11,12
0.36 - 0.33
2
medium dangerous buildings
3
0.32 - 0.27
3
less dangerous buildings
2,9,1,10
0.26 - 0.23
c)
The evaluation of emission impacts of fires on the environment in the buildings specified
Based on the establishment of hazard degree of buildings and the size of fire in the previous step, we may identify the
size of the impact of fire on the environment. Individual impacts were divided into three categories and individual degrees are
different in colours:
moderate impacts on the environment,
medium impacts on the environment,
catastrophic impacts on the environment.
Following the previous calculations, we determined the risk matrix impacts of emissions of fires on the environment
within the categorisation of buildings. The risk matrix, or consequence/impacts and probability matrix is a good graphical
tool for risk assessment. The view of the specific risks assumed in the matrix provides a picture of acceptability or non-
acceptability of this risk and allows a comparison of individual risks [18, 19]. We have set and assessed the risk matrix as
follows:
Despite the site, moderate impacts needed to be monitored but it is not desirable to take preventive measures.
Medium impacts require increased attention, especially in identifying the needs of taking / not taking additional
measures.
In the event of catastrophic impacts, it is necessary to take such preventive measures (technical and
organisational) to clearly demonstrate reduction in risk to an acceptable level and inform competent officials on
residual risk.
Table IV Combination of hazard of buildings and the size of fire in terms of impacts on the environment in buildings
specified
Hazard category of
buildings in terms of fire
emissions on the
environment
1
Dangerous
buildings
2
Medium
dangerous
buildings
3
Very dangerous
buildings
Size of fire m
2
Medium fire
Moderate
impacts on the
environment
Moderate impacts
on the environment
medium impacts on the
environment
Big fire
Moderate
impacts on the
environment
Medium impacts on
the environment
Catastrophic impacts
on the environment
Catastrophic
medium impacts
on the
environment
Catastrophic
impacts on the
environment
Catastrophic impacts
on the environment
II. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the processing analysis we can conclude that among the most dangerous buildings in terms of fire impacts on
the environment (emissions and fire-extinguishing substances) include:
13
th
International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management (PSAM 13)
2~7 October, 2016 • Sheraton Grande Walkerhill • Seoul, Korea • www.psam13.org
7
•
industrial buildings,
•
buildings for commerce,
•
buildings for storage.
Created risk matrix also can be used when providing impact assessment of emissions when big fires occurs. To be honest
it is necessary to say that these impacts are not so significant in comparison to long-term environmental damaging activities,
but project team considered this topic as really important within creating of mentioned model.
The next step will be assessing of fire-extinguishing substances which are used within liquidation of fires regarding
impacts on environment. This will be done by the same approach starting with assessing of impacts on the environment and
creating risk matrix for assessing these risks. Furthermore the project team is developing new formulas which will cover both
approaches (emissions impacts, fire-extinguishing impacts) and will be used for identifying final index for each case.
This approach is very specific but the generalization of the results of the project team into MS Excel tables is in
accordance with currently established procedure that is used in risk assessing. The categorization of buildings into three
groups was necessary to provide for the needs of further use in setting up a tree structure (ETA) for analyzing the impacts of
fires on lives, property and the environment in the project. This procedure, however, can also be used separately only for
assessing the impacts of fires on the environment not only in Slovakia but also in other countries.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
„This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract No. APVV-0727-12“.
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