Souleimanov & Kraus
26
at first glance seems harmless can often stir up very strong passions that can reach
even the upper echelons of Iran’s internal politics.
Soccer Nationalism
In view of the de facto ban on any ethno-emancipation activities by the Azerbaijanis
as well as by other ethno-linguistic communities, sports or soccer nationalism have
taken on the role of a flagship for the Azerbaijanis’ emancipation movement. This
phenomenon is embodied by Tractor (also called Traxtor, Teraktur, Tiraxtur) Sazi,
the premier Tabriz soccer team. In recent years, this soccer team, founded in 1970
at a Tabriz tractor factory, has made its way into Iran’s top soccer league, and is
one of the most important Iranian soccer teams with an international following
because of its participation in the Asian League.
Formerly, only the two biggest Iranian soccer teams, both from Tehran (Esteghlal
and Persepolis), were able to attract a large number of fans to away games, but
Tractor fans now nearly outnumber home-team fans at matches against those two
soccer teams when playing in Tehran, in large part because of the fans of
Azerbaijani origin living in Tehran and the surrounding communities. At any
Tractor Sazi match, there is stable attendance of over 60,000 fans, record numbers
in Iran,
42
and the team usually fills even non-Azerbaijani stadiums, for example
Azadi Stadium in Tehran, which has a full capacity of 90,000. Tractor’s great
popularity is also aided by satellite television broadcasts of most of their games,
which are watched in many Iranian-Azerbaijani households on the television
stations Sahand TV (state pro-regime television) and especially the Azerbaijani
exile station GünAz TV.
The reason for Tractor’s high level of support is the politicizing of the Iranian soccer
league by non-Persian teams and their fans, and it is the fans of Tabriz Tractor who
tend to be both the most active and the most aggressive. Before, during, and after
practically every game, they articulate demands for the establishment of
instruction and television broadcasting in their native Azerbaijani language. Fans
also openly shout pan-Turkic slogans by the thousands and use pan-Turkic
symbols. Among the slogans are, for example, “Tabriz, Baku, Ankara, our path
leads elsewhere than the path of the Persians,” “Azerbaijan is ours, Afghanistan is
yours,” “All people have the right to study in their own language,” “Down with
42
See tractor-club.com.
Iran’s Azerbaijani Question in Evolution
27
Persian fascism,” “Long live a free Azerbaijan,” “To hell with those who do not like
us,” “We are proud to be Turks” etc., and this is an unprecedented phenomenon
considering conditions in Iran.
43
Pan-Turkic symbolism also includes the well-
known hand gesture of the wolf’s head (
kurtbaşı), used by radical Turkish
nationalist groups for decades. This gesture is ubiquitous at soccer stadiums in
Tabriz and outside of Iranian Azerbaijan.
44
These Azerbaijani nationalist slogans are also heard outside of Iran, especially
when Tabriz Tractor travels to matches abroad. For example, in April 2013, in an
Asian League match (AFC Champions League), when Tractor was playing against
a team from the United Arab Emirates (Al-Jazira Sports & Culture Club), several
incidents occurred before and after the match. Fans from Tabriz unfurled a banner
in front of Abu Dhabi Stadium with the words in English: “South Azerbaijan is not
Iran”, and started to chant nationalistic and anti-Iranian slogans. After a while, they
were attacked by Iranian security delegates who were present at the scene. The
incident was broadcast on GünAz TV, then posted on the internet.
45
Banners with this slogan can often be seen at Iranian stadiums as well, especially
in the Azerbaijani provinces. The banners appear to be inspired by a similar
campaign by fans of the Spanish soccer team FC Barcelona, who regularly unfurl a
banner with the slogan “Catalonia is not Spain.” Tractor fans consider FC Barcelona
a friendly (or even affiliated) team, and the nationalistic aspirations of the
Catalonians are similar to those of the Azerbaijanis. On discussion forums, fan
websites, and Facebook pages, countless photographs and videos can be found
showing the unfurling and displaying of Azerbaijani nationalist banners.
46
At Tractor soccer matches against Persian teams, it is common to hear hateful,
offensive slogans with an ethno-nationalistic subtext from both sides. The Persians
43
Hamed Bey, semistructural interview of Josef Kraus with a fan of Tabriz Tractor soccer club. March 2013,
Tabriz.
44
Emil Souleimanov, Kamil Pikal, Josef Kraus, “The Rise of Nationalism Among Iranian Azerbaijanis: A
Step Toward Iran´s Disintegration?”
Middle East Review of International Affairs 17, no. 1 (2013); Facebook
Traxtor Club 1970, February 28, 2013,
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=424770430940765&set=a.373195376098271.90366.3730949761083
11&type=1&theatre.
45
“Traxtor-Əlcəzirə oyununda ’South Azerbaijan is not iran' yazısı və qarşıdurmalar,” [“Sign ‘South
Azerbaijan is not Iran’ and Conflict at the Tractor-Aljazeera Game] Gunaz TV,
YouTube, April 28, 2013,
http://youtube/g6xTuWKro4Y.
46
Facebook Traxtor Club 1970, February 28, 2013,
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=424770430940765&set=a.373195376098271.90366.3730949761083
11&type=1&theatre; “South Azerbaijan Is Not Iran,” YouTube, February 26, 2013,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRfQ52cz7TE.