Country of origin information report Iran January 2010
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MONTAZERI, Hussein Ali Grand Ayatollah Montazeri was Ayatollah Khomeini’s “heir apparent” until he was cast aside by Khomeini, the founder of the Islamic Republic, in 1989 for criticising human rights abuses by the Iranian regime. “Since then, despite official harassment of his aides and a six-year period of house arrest, Grand Ayatollah Montazeri has remained the outspoken conscience of Iran’s religious community, an advocate of democratic pluralism and foreign policy moderation…Grand Ayatollah Montazeri was put under house arrest in 1997 after questioning the unaccountable authority exercised by Ayatollah Khamenei… Despite his defiance, Grand Ayatollah Montazeri was released from house arrest, unbowed, in January 2003 to a rapturous welcome by hundreds of supporters. It was believed the authorities were worried that the ageing cleric could become a focus for opposition groups in Iran if he died while under house arrest.” In June 2009, he questioned the validity of President Amadinejad’s re-election, stating that “…‘no one in their right mind’ could believe the official results of the presidential elections.” (The National, 21 September 2009) [64] See also Latest News MOUSAVI, Mir Hossein Prime Minister from 1981 to 1989 when the post was abolished. He and his wife, Zahra Rahnavard, were active in the Islamic Revolution that overthrew the Shah. Both were advisers to President Khatami during his eight years as president (1997-2005). Mousavi stood as a moderate in the 2009 presidential election and was the main challenger to President Ahmadinejad. (BBC News, 16 June 2009) [21ab] See also Latest News QALIBAF, Muhammad Baqer Replaced Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as Mayor of Tehran in 2005; former Chief of police; he resigned to run in the 2005 presidential elections. (Jane’s Sentinel, 30 April 2009) [125d] PAHLAVI, Mohammad Reza Shah Born in 1919 in Tehran; King (Shah) of Iran 1941-1979. The Shah's government collapsed following widespread uprisings in 1978 -1979, prior to the establishment of the Islamic Republic. He left Iran in January 1979 and died in exile in Egypt on 27 July 1980. (Iran Chamber Society, 2009) [58b] RAFSANJANI, Ali Akbar Hashemi “Mr Rafsanjani was president for eight years from 1987 and ran again in 2005. He lost to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the second round. He has been openly critical of the president since then. He is still a powerful figure in Iranian politics as he heads two of the regime's most powerful bodies: the Expediency Council (which adjudicates disputes over legislation) and the Assembly of Experts (which appoints, and can theoretically replace, the Supreme Leader).” (BBC News, 19 June 2009) [21ac] RAJAVI, Massoud Leader of the Mojahedin-E Khalq (MEK), also known as the MKO. The MEK has been classified as a terrorist organisation by several countries; removed from the UK’s lost of alleged terrorist groups in June 2008. (Danish Immigration Service, April 2009) [86b] (p16) See Mujahidin-e-Khalq (Holy Warriors of the People) above. RAJAVI, Maryam Wife of Massoud Rajavi; leader of the MEK with her husband. See Mujahidin-e-Khalq (Holy Warriors of the People) above. REZA’I, Mohsen A conservative candidate in the June 2009 presidential elections. He came third with 1.73% of the vote. (Congressional Research Service, 2 July 2009) [78b] SHAHRUDI [SHAROUDI], Mahmoud Hashemi (Ayatollah) Former head of the judiciary until August 2009 when Sadeq Larijani took over the role. [53b] SOLTAN, Neda Neda Soltan was “…the student who became a symbol of the opposition after she was shot dead during an anti-goverment demonstration on June 20 [2009].” (The Times) [15a] Soltani Abdolfattah “Abdolfattah Soltani is a well-known Iranian human rights lawyer, and spokesman for the Defenders of Human Rights Center, which was co-founded by the Nobel Peace-Prize-winner Shirin Ebadi. He has twice been incarcerated in Iran for political offences, in 2005 and 2009.” Mr. Soltani is one of the lead lawyers representing the imprisoned seven leaders of the Baha’i community of Iran. (Iran Press Watch, 22 October 2009) [65] YAZDI, Mohammad (Ayatollah) Former head of the judiciary. (Payvand News, 16 August 2009) [53b] He resigned this post in August 1999 and was replaced by Ayatollah Mahmoud Hashemi Shahrudi. (Global Security.org, 26 April 2005) [70a] Return to contents Go to list of sources Annex D: List of abbreviations AI Amnesty International CEDAW Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CPJ Committee to Protect Journalists EU European Union FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office (UK) FH Freedom House GDP Gross Domestic Product HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome HRW Human Rights Watch IAG Illegal Armed Group ICG International Crisis Group ICRC International Committee for Red Cross IDP Internally Displaced Person IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies IMF International Monetary Fund IOM International Organisation for Migration MSF Médecins sans Frontières NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NGO Non Governmental Organisation OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ODIHR Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ODPR Office for Displaced Persons and Refugees OECD Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights RSF Reporteurs sans Frontières STD Sexually Transmitted Disease TB Tuberculosis TI Transparency International UN United Nations UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNHCHR United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime USAID United States Agency for International Development USSD United States State Department WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization Return to contents Go to list of sources Annex E: References to source material The Home Office is not responsible for the content of external websites. Numbering of source documents is not always consecutive because some older sources have been removed in the course of updating this document. [1] Europa World Online (subscription only; copies of sources available on request) a Iran: Location, climate, language, religion, flag, capital http://www.europaworld.com/entry/ir.is.2?authstatuscode=200 Date accessed: 3 November 2009 b Iran: Recent history http://www.europaworld.com/entry/ir.is.4?authstatuscode=200 Date accessed: 20 October 2009 c Iran: The Constitution http://www.europaworld.com/entry/ir.dir.2 Date accessed: 3 November 2009 d Iran: Judicial System http://www.europaworld.com/entry/ir.dir.224 Date accessed: 3 November 2009 e Iran: Education http://www.europaworld.com/entry/ir.is.77 Date accessed: 3 November 2009 f Iran: Political Organisations http://www.europaworld.com/entry/ir.dir.90 Date accessed: 3 November 2009 g Iran: Government http://europaworld.com/entry/ir.dir.9 Date accessed: 21 December 2009 h Iran: Country profile: Public Holidays http://www.europaworld.com/entry/ir.is.79 Date accessed 1 December 2009 [2] Documentation, Information and Research Branch, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada c Human Rights in Iran: Update on Selected Issues [May1997] via http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,COUNTRYREP,IRN,,3ae6a8382,0.html Date accessed: 20 October 2009 d Women in the Islamic Republic of Iran [June 1994] via http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,COUNTRYREP,IRN,,3ae6a8664,0.html Date accessed: 20 October 2009 e Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board, REFINFO, 23 February 2001, IRN36431.E, on abortions j Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board, REFINFO, 1 February 1998, IRN28636.E, Update on the situation of homosexuals via http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,,IRN,,3ae6aaa940,0.html o Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board, REFINFO, 16 July 1999, IRN31893.E, Treatment of lesbians t Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board, REFINFO, 9 July 1999, IRN32264.E, treatment of refugee status claimants in Iran x Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board, IRN101054.E. 3 April 2006. The passport; its features and procedures for application including whether an applicant who was refused a passport would be notified and have recourse; the use and prevalance [sic] of fraudulent or counterfeit passports to exit Iran; ease of illegal entry into and exit from Pakistan, Turkey, and Azerbaijan overland, and Oman and the United Arab Emirates by sea; whether authorities seize passports from certain individuals to prevent their departure from the country (2004–February 2006) http://www2.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/rir/index_e.htm?action=record.viewrec&gotorec=450029 Date accessed: 30 November 2009 y Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board, IRN101053.E. 3 April 2006. Types of exit permits issued to individuals for travel abroad; the difference between an exit permit and an exit stamp; how these permits are obtained and whether they are placed inside the passport or take some other form; restrictions applied to certain categories of applicants; the criteria for multiple and single-exit permission; exit fees; whether exit permission is set for a specified time period and the penalties, if any, for overstay; countries that Iranians can travel to without a visa (2004–February 2006). http://www2.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/rir/index_e.htm?action=record.viewrec&gotorec=450028 Date accessed: 30 November 2009 z Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board, IRN101052.E. 3 April 2006. Exit and entry procedures at airports and land borders, particularly at Mehrabad International airport; identity documents such as birth certificates, and marriage and divorce certificates; incidence of bribery of Iranian border officials to facilitate departure by individuals with fraudulent travel documents or outstanding financial, military or legal obligations, or who are sought by the government for political reasons; the punishment for border officers caught taking such bribes (2004–February 2006). http://www2.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/rir/index_e.htm?action=record.viewrec&gotorec=450027 Date accessed: 30 November 2009 aa Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board, IRN100757.E. 7 December 2005. Information on passport procedures for women; including the issuance of passports and exit permits for unaccompanied Iranian women and children, specifically the requirements for consent by the husband/father or other male relative (2003 – 2005). http://www2.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/rir/index_e.htm?action=record.viewrec&gotorec=449718 Date accessed: 30 November 2009 ab Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board, IRN100450.E. 17 November 2005. Documentation required and procedures to be followed by a parent wishing to travel abroad with a minor child in the absence, or without the consent, of the second parent (January 2003–November 2005). http://www2.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/rir/index_e.htm?action=record.viewrec&gotorec=449669 Date accessed: 30 November 2009 ad Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board, IRN101299.E. 20 June 2006. Arrest warrants and other court documents; trial in absentia in criminal cases; punishment for persons charged with helping anti-revolutionaries; procedure when someone acts as surety; which competent authority or court has legal jurisdiction to issue a death sentence to a convicted criminal; circumstances under which a ‘warning to seal’ document is issued and the consequences for the person named in the document; circumstances under which a private home is ‘sealed’; whether it is pursuant to a court order and, if so, legal documents issued to the person concerned or availability of these documents through legal representatives; impact of a sealing on the resident (2004–2006). http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,COI,IRBC,,IRN,,45f147543e,0.html Date accessed: 20 October 2009 ae Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board, IRN101297.FE. 26 June 2006. The treatment of student protestors or activists since 2002. http://www2.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/rir/index_e.htm?action=record.viewrec&gotorec=450353 Date accessed: 20 October 2009 af Country Fact Sheet – Iran, December 2007 via http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/47de29a50.html ag Iran: Enforcement of the Official Dress Code (2005-Dec. 2007), IRN102671.E, 10 January 2008 via http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/47d65459c.html
c UNHCR/ACCORD: 7th European Country of Origin Information Seminar Berlin, 11-12 June 2001 – Final Report h UNHCR Comments on the Iran Country Report of April 2005, August 2005 j UNHCR Global Report 2006, June 2007 http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/4666d2420.pdf Date accessed: 29 September 2006 k UNHCR Ankara, Country of Origin Information team, Chronology of Events in Iran, revised March 2005 via http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/447fef1e4.pdf Date accessed: 2 November 2009 [4] US Department of State http://www.state.gov/ a Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2008, 25 February 2009 http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/nea/119115.htm Date accessed: 12 June 2009 b International Religious Freedom Report 2009, 26 October 2009 http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127347.htm Date accessed: 2 November 2009 e International Religious Freedom Report 2008, 19 September 2008 http://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108482.htm Date accessed: 12 June 2009 q Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2005, 8 March 2006 http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61688.htm Date accessed: 16 March 2009 t Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2007, 11 March 2008 http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100595.htm Date accessed: 16 March 2009 u Background Note: Iran. Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, September 2009 http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5314.htm Date accessed: 12 October 2009 v Trafficking in Persons Report 2009, 16 June 2009 http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2009/ Date accessed: 12 October 2009 [5] Reuters http://www.reuters.com/ a Iran commander says 36 died in vote unrest – report, 10 September http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE58928P20090910 Date accessed: 11 November 2009 b Iran makes arrests over bombing, Pakistan vows help, 21 October 2009 http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSDAH137518 Date accessed: 21 October 2009 c UN Panel condemns Iran for post-election crackdown, 20 November 2009 http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5AJ3OZ20091120 Date accessed: 8 December 2009 d Iran frees 40 detained during anti-US rally, 8 November 2009 http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/SAL860116.htm Date accessed: 9 November 2009 [6] Advisory Panel on Country Information (APCI) http://www.apci.org.uk/index.html a APCI.11.2 - Evaluation of the August 2008 Country of Origin Information Report on Iran. Reza Molavi, BBA ( U. S. A. ), PhD (Dunelm) And Mohammad M. Hedayati-Kakhki LLB (Tehran), PhD (Durham) Centre for Iranian Studies (CIS),, Institute for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (IMEIS) Durham University, 23 September 2008. http://www.apci.org.uk/PDF/eleventh_meeting/APCI.11.2%20Iran.pdf Date accessed: 24 November 2008 [7] US Library of Congress a Iran: A Country Study, Helen Chapin Metz, ed., Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1987 http://countrystudies.us/iran/95.htm b Children’s Rights: Iran, updated 2 May 2009 http://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/iran.php
a Private Homes Raided for ‘Immorality’, 28 March 2008 http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/03/28/iran18385.htm b Iran: Overturn death sentences, other unfair convictions, 26 October 2009 http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/10/26/iran-overturn-death-sentences-other-unfair-convictions
c Iran: The Last Holdouts: Ending the Juvenile Death Penalty in Iran, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Pakistan, and Yemen, 10 September 2008 http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/crd0908web_0.pdf Date accessed: 24 November 2008 d Iran: Attacks Escalate Against Women’s Rights Activists, 29 October 2008 http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/10/29/iran-attacks-escalate-against-women-s-rights-activists Date accessed: 25 November 2008 f World Report 2009 - Iran, released 15 January 2009 http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/wr2009_web.pdf Date accessed: 15 June 2009 g Iran: Appoint Special UN Envoy to investigate rights crisis, 21 September 2009 http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/09/21/iran-appoint-special-un-envoy-investigate-rights-crisis?print Date accessed: 15 December 2009 h Iran: Freedom of Expression and Association in the Kurdish Regions, 9 January 2009 via http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4967579a2.html Date accessed: 11 June 2009 j ‘Like the Dead in Their Coffins’, Torture, Detention, and the Crushing of Dissent in Iran, 7 June 2004 http://hrw.org/reports/2004/iran0604/iran0604.pdf Date accessed: 29 September 2006 m Iran: Stop covering up sexual assaults in prison, 6 November 2009 http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/06/09/iran-stop-covering-sexual-assaults-prison?print Date accessed: 11 November 2009 t Iran: Two More Executions for Homosexual Conduct, 22 November 2005 http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/11/21/iran12072_txt.htm Date accessed: 29 September 2006 aa Iran: Denying the Right to Education, 25 October 2006 http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/mena/iran1006/iran1006web.pdf Date accessed: 23 March 2007 ab Iran: Halt Mass Deportation of Afghans, 19 June 2007 http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/06/18/iran16206_txt.htm Date accessed: 23 March 2007 ac The issue is torture, 31 March 2008 http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/03/31/iran18401.htm ad Netherlands: Threat to Return Gay and Lesbian Iranians, 8 March 2006 http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2006/03/08/nether12779.htm ae Netherlands: No Deportations of LGBT Iranians to Torture, letter to Minister Verdonk, Minister of Alien Affairs and Integration, 5 October 2006 http://www.ministerievanjustitie.nl/images/landgebonden%20asielbeleid%20Iran_6401_tcm34-22265.pdf af Iran: Revoke Death Sentence in Juvenile Case, 3 November 2007 http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/11/03/iran17242.htm ag Netherlands: Threat to Return Gay and Lesbian Iranians, letter to Minister Verdonk, Minister of Alien Affairs and Integration, 8 March 2006 http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2006/03/08/nether12776.htm ah Iran: Judiciary must prevent imminent executions by stoning, 6 February 2008 via http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/47b1bf99c.html ai World Report 2008 - Iran, 31 January 2008 via http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/47a87c06c.html [9] Amnesty International a Amnesty International Report 2008 - Iran, 28 May 2008 http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/iran/report-2008 Date accessed: 4 June 2009 b Iran: Human rights abuses against the Baluchi minority, MDE 13/104/2007, 17 September 2007 via http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/46ee3dd22.html Date accessed: 4 June 2009 c Death sentences and executions in 2008, 24 March 2009 via http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?page=country&docid=49cb43182&skip=0&coi=IRN&querysi=executions&searchin=title&display=10&sort=date Yüklə 4,37 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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