BEST LEFT AS INDIANS
197
Policy and Administration,"
Anthropologica
Vol. 4, No. 1 (1962), 209-
232; T.R.L. MacInnes, "History of Indian Administration in Canada,"
Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science,
Vol. 12, No. 3
(1946), 387-394; Duncan Scott,
"Indian
Affairs, 1840-1867," in A. Shortt
and A. Doughty, eds.,
Canada and its Provinces
(Toronto: Glascow, Brook
and Co., 1914), Vol. 5; Scott, "Indian Affairs, 1867-1912," ibid., Vol. 6.;
In addition to Ponting and Gibbons, the two best works are James D.
Leighton, "The Development of Federal Indian Policy in Canada, 1840-
1890," (Ph.D., University of Western Ontario, 1975) and Sally Weaver,
Making Canadian Indian Policy: The Hidden Agenda, 1969-1970
(Toronto:
University of Toronto Press, 1981), which deals with the 1969 White Paper
on Indian Affairs. There are encouraging signs that the lack of historical
analysis in this area is being addressed. See in particular I.A. Getty
and
A.S. Lussier, eds.,
As Long as the Sun Shines
(Vancouver: University of
British Columbia Press, forthcoming). Of note are John L. Tobias, "Pro-
tection, Civilization, Assimilation: An Outline History of Canada's Indian
Policy," J.S. Milloy, "The Early Indian Acts: Developmental Strategy and
Constitutional Change," D. Leighton, "A Victorian Civil Servant at Work:
Lawrence Vankoughnet and the Canadian Indian Department, 1874-1893,"
and D.J. Hall, "Clifford Sifton
and
Canadian Indian Administration 1896-
1905"; John Leonard Taylor,
Canadian Indian Policy During the Inter-War
Years, 1918-1939
(Ottawa: Treaties and Historical Research Centre, 1984).
5.
The best example is Harold Cardinal,
The Unjust Society: The Tragedy of
Canada's Indians
(Edmonton: Hurtig Ltd., 1969; Cardinal,
The Rebirth of
Canada's Indians
(Edmonton: Hurtig, 1977); Heather Robertson,
Reserva-
tions are for Indians
(Toronto: Lewes and Samuel, 1970); Howard Adams,
Prison of Grass: Canada From the Native Point of View
(Toronto: New
Press, 1975); Morris Schumiatcher,
Welfare: Hidden Backlash
(Toronto:
McClelland and Stewart, 1971).
. To provide but one example, see J. Gresko, "White 'Rites' and Indian
'Rites': Indian Education and Native Responses in the West, 1870-1910,"
in A.W. Rasporich, ed.,
Western Canada: Past and Present
(Calgary: McClel-
land and Stewart, 1975), 163-182.
7.
This has not prevented commentators from assuming that federal Indian
policy was one-directional according to the guidelines entrenched in the
Indian Act. Hugh Brody,
Maps and Dreams
(Vancouver: Douglas and
McIntyre, 1981); Louis-Edmond Hamel,
Canadian Nordicity: It's Your
North Too
(Montreal: Harvest House, 1979), 198-200; Paul Tennant,
"Native Political Organization in British Columbia, 1900-1969: A Response
to Internal Colonialism,"
BC Studies
No. 55 (Autumn 1982), 3-49 makes
similar assumptions about policy and practices in British Columbia.
8.
John Tobias, "Canada's Subjugation of the Plains Cree"
Canadian Historical
198
KEN COATES
Review,
Vol. 54, No. 4 (1983), 519-548. On government activities in the
north, see Morris Zaslow,
Reading the Rocks: The Story of the Geological
Survey of Canada,
1842-1972 (Ottawa: Macmillan of Canada, 1975); Morris
Zaslow,
The Opening of the Canadian North, 1870-1914
(Toronto: McClel-
land and Stewart, 1971), 77-100. For Bompas's petitions, see Deputy
Superintendent General to Hon. T. Mayne Daly, 18 September 1893,
Department of Indian Affairs, RG10 (hereafter DIA), Vol. 3906, file
105,378, Public Archives of Canada (hereafter PAC); Bompas to Dear Sir,
26 August 1893, ibid.; Bompas to Minister of the Interior, 5 June 1894,
ibid., Native Races and Liquor Traffic, United Committee to Hon. Sir
Charles Tupper, 1894, ibid.; Bompas to Church Missionary Society, 15 May
1894, Church Missionary Society Papers (CMS), MG17, B2, PAC. See also
A.A. Wright,
Prelude to Bonanza
(Sidney: Gray's Publishing, 1976), 256-
271. Concern for the Indians was secondary to the government's desire to
assert Canadian sovereignty in the face of American incursion and to collect
customs duties on resources being exported from the district.
9. H. Reed to Charles Constantine, 29 May 1894, DIA, Vol. 1115, Deputy
Superintendent's Letterbook, 27 April 1894-16 November 1894.
10. Memorandum, 2 December 1897, DIA, Vol. 1121, Letterbook 10 August
1897-9 June 1898; Hayter Reed to Bishop of Selkirk, 19 March 1897,
Anglican Church Records (AC), New Series, file 4, Yukon Territorial
Archives (YTA); Canada, Parliament,
House of Commons Debates,
Vol.
46 (1898), 814.
11. Ian Clarke, "Clifford Sifton in Relation to His Mines," unpublished paper
presented to the Canadian Historical Association Annual Meeting, Montreal,
June 1980; David Hall,
Clifford Sifton:
The Young Napolean (Vancouver:
University of British Columbia Press, 1982).
12. Jackson to Supt. General of Indian Affairs, 31 June 1902, DIA, Vol. 4037,
file 317,050.
13. J.D. McLean to Jackson, 28 January 1902, ibid.; Congdon to Sifton, 10
September 1904, ibid.; Asst. Secretary. Memorandum to Mr. Pedley, 19
October 1904, ibid.
14. Memo for the Minister re: Yukon Indians, c.1907, AC, New Series, file 2;
Pedley to Oliver, 25 January 1908, AC, Carcross Property file; Notes made
from interview with Reverend A.M. O'Meara re: Indians in the Yukon,
1908, ibid.; Indian Matters: Recommendations of Messrs. Hawksley and
O'Meara, 1908, ibid.; Memo for Archbishop regarding Yukon Indian work,
1908, ibid.
15. Requests regarding Yukon Indians, 1908, AC, New Series, file 3.