Karl Marx and the Anarchists Paul Thomas

p. 333.

The Civil War in France, in MESW i, pp. 516-17.

The Eighteenth Brumaire, in MESW i, p. 333.

The Civil War in France, in MESW i, p. 516.

Ibid., p. 519.

Ibid., p. 519.

Ibid., p. 520.

Ibid., pp. 521-2.

Ibid., pp. 526, 542.

Marx to Ferdinand Domela-Nieuwenhuis, 22 February 1881, in
Marx-Engels Selected Correspondence, Moscow, Foreign
Languages Publishing House, 1975, p. 318; cf. Shlomo Avineri,

The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx, Cambridge
University Press, 1970, pp. 239-49.

10. 
    The first draft may be read in English in its entirety in the Archiv
    Marksa i Engelsa (Marx-Engels Archives), Moscow, 1934, iii (viii).
    

This quotation is from p. 324. Cf. Miliband, ‘Marx and the State’,
pp. 280-1, 296, n. 79.

10. 
    The Civil War in France, in MESW i, pp. 516, 517, 521, 519, 520.
    
11. 
    Archiv Marksa i Engelsa, p. 324.
    
12. 
    The Civil War in France, in MESW i, p. 520.
    
13. 
    Archiv Marksa i Engelsa, pp. 320-2; cf. Avineri, The Social and
    Political Thought of Karl Marx, pp. 50-1.
    
14. 
    Avineri, The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx, p. 23.
    
15. 
    The German Ideology, p. 208, MECW v, p. 195.
    
16. 
    Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, §272A, p. 285.
    
17. 
    O’Malley, pp. 32, 82; MECW iii, pp. 32, 81.
    
18. 
    MESW ii, p. 32.
    
19. 
    Marx, ‘Critical Marginal Notes’, in MECW iii, pp. 204, 205.
    
20. 
    The Civil War in France, in MESW i, p. 516.
    
21. 
    ‘Critical Marginal Notes’, in MECW iii, pp. 204-5.
    
22. 
    Marx to Friedrich Bolte, 23 November 1871, in MESW ii,
    pp. 466-7.
    
23. 
    Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, trans. and with an
    introduction by Maurice Cranston, Harmondsworth, Penguin
    (Classics edn), 1968, Book II, Chapter 7, pp. 86-7.
    
24. 
    Buonarroti and Weitling, as quoted in Michael Lowy, La
    Theorie de la revolution chez le jeune Marx, Paris, Maspero,
    

1970, pp. 85, 90-1. For these references I am indebted to
Norman Geras’s excellent short article, ‘Proletarian Self-
Emancipation’, in Radical Philosophy (London, Radical
Philosophy Group), no. 6, winter,1973, pp. 20-2.

10. 
    Marx and Engels to Bebel, Liebknecht, Bracke and others,
    

17 September 1879, in MESW ii, p. 485.

10. 
    Marx, ‘Third Thesis on Feuerbach’, in The German Ideology,
    p. 646; MECW v, p. 4.
    
11. 
    V.I. Lenin, What is to be Done? Burning Questions of our
    Movement, Moscow, Foreign Languages Publishing House
    (paperback edn), n.d., p. 160.
    
12. 
    Cf. Louis Althusser, For Marx, trans. Ben Brewster, New York,
    Vintage, 1970, and Louis Althusser and Etienne Balibar, Reading
    Capital, London, New Left Books, 1972, passim; this position is
    largely unchanged in Althusser’s Essays in Self-Criticism, trans.
    

7. 
   Looke, London, New Left Books, 1976.
   

10. 
    In particular, cf. Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man, Studies
    in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society, Boston, Beacon
    Press, 1966, passim.
    
11. 
    The German Ideology, pp. 229-30; MECW v, p. 214.
    
12. 
    Avineri, The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx, p. 141.
    
13. 
    Bottomore, p. 176; MECW iii, p. 313.
    
14. 
    The German Ideology, p. 86; MECW v, pp. 52-3.
    
15. 
    Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, vol. ii, Moscow, Foreign
    Languages Publishing House, 1972, pp. 117-18.
    
16. 
    Marx, ‘Postface’ to the second (German) edition of Capital,
    vol. i; in the Penguin/New Left Book edn, trans. Ben Fowkes,
    Harmondsworth, 1976, p. 99.
    

10. 
    Bottomore, pp. 158, 154, 132;MECW iii, pp. 299, 295, 280.
    
11. 
    Marx, Capital, vol. i, ch. 15, section 9; trans. Fowkes, p. 616.
    
12. 
    Marx, Wages, Price and Profit, lecture no. 7; in MESW i, p. 424.
    
13. 
    Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy,
    Moscow, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1971, p. 210;
    cf. G.A. Cohen, ‘Marx’s Dialectic of Labour’, Philosophy and
    Public Affairs (Princeton, N.J.), no. iii, spring 1974, pp. 253-61.
    
14. 
    The Manifesto of the Communist Party, in MESW i, p. 38; The
    Eighteenth Brumaire, in MESW i, pp. 333 ff.
    
15. 
    The Poverty of Philosophy, p. 111.
    
16. 
    Marx, Grundrisse, trans. Martin Nicolaus, Harmondsworth,
    Penguin, 1973, pp. 409-10.
    
17. 
    Ibid., p. 488.
    
18. 
    Ibid., p. 162. Marx’s concept of‘labour power’extends this; cf.
    p. 151 above.
    
19. 
    Bottomore, p. 116; MECW iii, p. 300.
    
20. 
    Shlomo Avineri, ‘Marx’s Vision of Future Society and the
    Problem of Utopianism’, Dissent (New York), summer 1973,
    

p. 330. For an exchange, cf. David Resnick, ‘Crude Communism
and Revolution’, A merican Political Science Review, vol. lxx,
no. 4, December 1976, pp. 1136-45 ; Avineri, ‘Comment’, ibid.,
pp. 1146-9; Resnick, ‘Rejoinder’, ibid., pp. 1130-5.

10. 
    This point has been ably put by Istvan Metros, Marx’s Theory
    of Alienation, London, Merlin Press, 1970.
    

3 Marx and Stirner

1. 
   During Marx’s lifetime only the fourth chapter of the ‘Saint
   Bruno’ section of The German Ideology was published as the
   ‘Obituary to M. [Moses] Hess’ (the original chapter title) in
   the Westphalischer Dampfboot, August-September 1847.
   Engels published a version of Marx’s Theses on Feuerbach as
   an appendix to Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical
   German Philosophy in 1888, but The German Ideology itself
   was first published in the Soviet Union only in 1932 (in
   German) and 1933 (in Russian).
   
2. 
   Sidney Hook’s pioneering work, first published in 1936,
   

From Hegel to Marx, New York, Humanities Press, 1950,
devoted a chapter (pp. 165-85) to Stirner and Marx which
does not explain why Marx devoted the best part of a major
work to attacking Stirner. (‘Saint Max’ was composed by
Marx, not Engels.) Of more recent books, R.M. Tucker’s
Philosophy and Myth in Karl Marx, Cambridge University
Press, 1967, does not mention Stirner, and Shlomo Avineri’s
The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx does not discuss
Stirner. The best outline accounts of the dispute in English
are those of Nicolas Lobkowicz in Theory and Practice:

History of a Concept from Aristotle to Marx, Notre Dame,
Ind., University of Notre Dame Press, 1967, pp. 401-26;


R.W.K. Paterson in his The Nihilistic Egoist: Max Stirner,

Oxford University Press, 1971, pp. 101-25; and Jerrold
Siegel in Marx’s Fate, Princeton University Press, 1978,
pp. 154-69.

3. 
   Marx and Engels, The German Ideology, trans. Roy Pascal,
   London, Lawrence & Wishart; New York, International
   Publishers, 1938. The first complete English translations
   appeared only in 1965 and 1976. Cf. The German Ideology,
   trans. Clemens Dutt, ed. Salo Ryazanskaya, London, Lawrence
   & Wishart, 1965; and a different rendering (the order of the
   pages in Part 1 differs significantly), also by Clemens Dutt, in
   the Marx-Engels Collected Works, New York and London,
   International Publishers, 1976, vol. v. Both translations, which
   will be referred to hereafter as The German Ideology and
   MECW v respectively, make use of the textual discoveries of
   

S. Bahne. Cf. his ‘ “Die deutsche Ideologic” von Marx und
Engels. Einige Texterganzerungen’, International Review of
Social History (Amsterdam and Assen), vol. 7, part 1, 1962,
pp. 93-104.

4. 
   The German Ideology, pp. 206 ff., esp. pp. 207-11; MECW v,
   pp. 193 ff., esp. pp. 193-5.
   
5. 
   The German Ideology, p. 23; MECW v, p. 23.
   
6. 
   James Joll, The Anarchists, London, Eyre & Spottiswoode,
   

1964, p. 171.

7. 
   William Brazill, The Young Hegelians, New Haven, Conn., Yale
   University Press, 1970, pp. 13-14. The others were Strauss,
   the brothers (Edgar and Bruno) Bauer, Feuerbach, Vischer and
   Ruge.
   
8. 
   Paul Nerrlich, ed., Arnold Ruge: Briefe und Tagebuchbldtter,
   Leipzig, Weidmann, 1886, vol. 1, pp. 388-90; Arnold Ruge,
   ZweiJahre in Paris: Studien und Erinnerungen, Leipzig, Jurani,
   1846, Part II, chs 13-14, esp. pp. 117-34.
   
9. 
   Moses Hess, Die letzten Philosophen, Darmstadt, Leske, 1845,
   pp. 6-7.
   
10. 
    Engels to Marx, 19 November 1844, in Marx-Engels Werke,
    Berlin, Dietz (hereafter cited as MEW), vol. xxvii, pp. 11-12.
    
11. 
    Engels to Marx, 20 January 1845, in MEW xxvii, pp. 14-18.
    

Cf. Paterson, The Nihilistic Egoist, p. 103.

12. 
    The German Ideology, pp. 52, 304; and MECW v, pp. 56, 282.
    
13. 
    Isaiah Berlin, Karl Marx: His Life and Environment, 4th edn,
    Oxford University Press, 1978, p. 106.
    
14. 
    David McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx, New York,
    Praeger, 1969, p. 121.
    
15. 
    Ibid., p. 119.
    
16. 
    Max Stirner, Der Einzige und sein Eigenthum, 2nd edn, Leipzig,
    Wigand, 1882, pp. 344-5. Most libraries catalogue this volume
    under Stimer’s real name, Johann Kaspar Schmidt. For a
    translation, cf. John Carroll, ed., The Ego and his Own, London,
    Cape, 1971, pp. 238-9. Unhappily, Carroll’s edition is today the
    most accessible in English: it sits oddly among the other volumes
    

in the Roots of the Right Series (series editor George Steiner);
and Carroll selects sparingly from the standard but sloppy
translation of Steven T. Byington (The Ego and his Own,

London, Fifield, 1912), a rendering which is sufficiently
defective, for instance, to translate Nationaldkonomie
(political economy) as ‘national economy’, which is meaning-
less. Carroll’s introduction should be complemented by a
reading of John P. Clark’s Max Stirner’s Egoism, London,

Freedom Press, 1976, a short and thoughtful critique from
a non-egoist anarchist viewpoint. The most comprehensive
Stirner bibliography is at the end of Hans G. Helms’s
fascinating attempt to deal with Stirner from a Marxist
perspective, Ideologie der anonymen Gesellschaft: Max
S timers ‘Einzige’ und der Fortschritt des demokratischen
Selbstbewusstseins vom Vormarz bis zur Bundesrepublik,

Cologne, DuMont, 1966, pp. 510-600.

17. 
    Stirner, Der Einzige, p. 375.
    
18. 
    Ibid., p. 375.
    
19. 
    Ibid., pp. 91-2; cf. MECW iii, p. 182, for a rare instance of
    agreement (or convergence) on the part of Marx.
    
20. 
    Stirner, Der Einzige, pp. 107-9; cf. Hegel’s Philosophy of
    Right, trans. and with an introduction by T.M. Knox, Oxford,
    Clarendon Press, 1962, §272A, p. 285.
    
21. 
    Stirner, Der Einzige, p. 179; cf. pp. 109-10.
    
22. 
    Ibid., p. 99; Carroll, ed., The Ego and his Own, p. 88.
    
23. 
    Stirner, Der Einzige, p. 325.
    
24. 
    Ibid., pp. 112-14.
    
25. 
    David Cooper, The Death of the Family, New York, Pantheon,
    1970, p. 78; Stirner, Der Einzige, pp. 315-16, 200, 232, 238;
    

Carroll, ed., The Ego and his Own, pp. 211, 132, 150, 115-6.

26. 
    Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, §270, p. 165.
    
27. 
    McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx, p. 93; cf. pp. 94-5.
    
28. 
    Ludwig Feuerbach, Sammtliche Schriften, ed. F. Boline and
    W. Jodi, Stuttgart, Frommann, 1959, vol. vi, p. 26; cf. The
    German Ideology, p. 256, or MECW v, p. 237.
    
29. 
    Feuerbach, ‘Preliminary Theses for the Reform of Philosophy’
    (‘Vorlaufige Thesen zur Reform der Philosophie’), 1842: ‘Wir
    diirfen nur immer das Pradikat zum Subjekt und so als Subjekt
    zum Objekt and Prinzip machen - also die spekulative Philo-
    sophie nur umkehren, so haben wir die unverhiillte, die pure,
    blanke Wahrheit.’ Ludwig Feuerbach, A nthropologischer
    Materialismus: Ausgewdhlte Schriften, ed. Alfred Schmidt,
    

Munich, Europa, 1957, vol. i, p. 83. Cf. The Fiery Brook:

Selected Writings of Ludwig Feuerbach, trans. and with an
introduction by Zawar Hanfi, New York, Anchor, 1972, p. 154;
and Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity, trans. George
Eliot, New York, Harper & Row, 1957, p. 189.

30. 
    Feuerbach, Sdmmtliche Schriften, vol. vii, pp. 294-310;
    

Stirner, Der Einzige, pp. 351-2.

31. 
    Stirner, De Einzige, pp. 34-6.
    
32. 
    Cf. Nathan Rotenstreich, Some Basic Problems in Marx’s
    Philosophy, New York, Bobbs-Merrill, 1965, p. 14.
    
33. 
    Marx, Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, trans. Annette
    Jolin and ed. Joseph O’Malley, Cambridge University Press,
    

1970 (henceforward cited as O’Malley), p. 131; MECW iii,

p. 175.

34. 
    O’Malley, p. 137; MECW iii, p. 182.
    
35. 
    The German Ideology, pp. 58-9, 502; MECW v, pp. 40-1, 456.
    
36. 
    Stirner, Der Einzige, pp. 318, 332; Carroll, ed., The Ego and
    his Own, pp. 214, 168. Cf. The German Ideology, pp. 448-9;
    MECW v, p. 409.
    
37. 
    The German Ideology, p. 224; MECW v, pp. 208-9.
    
38. 
    The German Ideology, p. 400; MECW v, p. 367.
    
39. 
    The German Ideology, p. 445, cf. p. 224; MECW v, p. 406, cf.
    pp. 208-9.
    
40. 
    The German Ideology, pp. 439, 437; MECW v, pp. 400-1,
    

399.

41. 
    The German Ideology, p. 325; MECW v, p. 300.
    
42. 
    The German Ideology, p. 483; MECW v, p. 439.
    
43. 
    Isaiah Berlin, Karl Marx, p. 11.
    
44. 
    The German Ideology, pp. 216-17; MECW v, p. 202.
    
45. 
    MEW iv, p. 200.
    
46. 
    Paul Eltzbacher, Anarchism, trans. Steven T. Byington, London,
    Fifield, 1908, p. 100; Henri Arvon, Aux sources de Vexistential-
    isme: Max Stirner, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1950,
    

p. 108.

47. 
    The German Ideology, p. 217, MECW v, p. 202; Stirner, Der
    Einzige, p. 261, Carroll, The Ego and his Own, p. 163.
    
48. 
    The German Ideology, p. 220; MECW v, p. 205; Stirner, Der
    Einzige, p. 119.
    
49. 
    The German Ideology, pp. 44-5; MECW v, pp. 47-8;
    

McLellan, Young Hegelians, p. 132.

50. 
    Carl Bridenbaugh, ‘The Conservative Revolutionist’ (a review of
    The Papers of John Adams), Times Literary Supplement
    (London), 12 May 1978, p. 527.
    
51. 
    The German Ideology, p. 45, cf. pp. 247-8; MECW v, p. 48,
    cf. pp. 229-30.
    
52. 
    The German Ideology, p. 83; MECW v, p. 87.
    
53. 
    Cf. Albert O. Hirschmann, The Passions and the Interests:
    Political Arguments for Capitalism Before its Triumph,
    

Princeton University Press, 1977, passim.

54. 
    The German Ideology, p. 87; MECW v, p. 81.
    
55. 
    The German Ideology, p. 93; MECW v, p. 78.
    
56. 
    The German Ideology, pp. 431-2; MECW v, p. 394.
    
57. 
    The German Ideology, pp. 315-16; MECW v, p. 292.
    
58. 
    Emile Durkheim, The Division of Labour in Society, quoted in
    Anthony Giddens, ed., Emile Durkheim: Selected Writings,
    Cambridge University Press, 1972, p. 140.
    

59. 
    The German Ideology, pp. 205, 307; MECW v, pp. 192,284-5.
    
60. 
    The German Ideology, pp. 123, 279-81; MECW v, pp. 120,
    

258-60; Stirner, Der Einzige, pp. 5-8; Carroll, ed., The Ego and
his Own, p. 39.

61. 
    The German Ideology, p. 345, cf. pp. 205, 142; MECW v, p. 318,
    cf. pp. 192, 137.
    
62. 
    The German Ideology, pp. 296, 182; MECW v, pp. 275, 171.
    
63. 
    The German Ideology, pp. 196, 180, 183-7; MECW v, pp. 184,
    

170, 172-6.

64. 
    The German Ideology, pp. 132,304, cf. 132-4; MECW v,
    pp. 128, 282, cf. pp. 128-9.
    
65. 
    The German Ideology, pp. 255-6, 252-3, 315; MECW v,
    pp. 237, 232, 291-2.
    
66. 
    Karl Marx: Early Writings, ed. T.B. Bottomore, New York,
    McGraw-Hill, 1964 (henceforward cited as Bottomore), p. 202;
    MECW iii, pp. 332-3 ;G.W.F. Hegel, On Art, Religion,
    

Philosophy, ed. J. Glenn Gray, New York, Harper & Row,

1970, p. 58. Cf. Richard Norman, Hegel’s Phenomenology: A
Philosophical Introduction, Brighton, University of Sussex
Press, 1976, p. 53.

67. 
    The German Ideology, p. 481; MECW v, p. 437.
    
68. 
    MECW iii, p. 220.
    
69. 
    Bottomore, p. 158; MECW iii, p. 299. Cf. O’Malley, p. xliv.
    
70. 
    Marx, Grundrisse, trans. and with an introduction by Martin
    Nicolaus, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1973, p. 84.
    
71. 
    Eugene Fleischmann, ‘The Role of the Individual in Pre-
    revolutionary Society’, in Z.A. Pelczynski, ed., Hegel’s
    Political Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 1971, p. 225.
    
72. 
    Bottomore, p. 22; MECW iii, pp. 21-2.
    
73. 
    O’Malley, p. xliii.
    
74. 
    O’Malley, pp. 119-20; MECW iii, p. 119.
    
75. 
    MECW iii, pp. 216-17.
    
76. 
    The German Ideology, p. 82; MECW v, p. 86.
    
77. 
    Grundrisse, p. 159; The German Ideology, pp. 82-3; MECW v,
    pp. 86-7.
    
78. 
    The German Ideology, p. 281, cf. pp. 82-3; MECW v, p. 213,
    cf. pp. 86-7.
    
79. 
    The German Ideology, p. 49, cf. pp. 229-30, 86-7; MECW v,
    pp. 51-2, cf. p. 213, 81.
    
80. 
    The German Ideology, p. 47; MECW v, p. 49.
    
81. 
    The German Ideology, pp. 66-7; MECW v, p. 66.
    
82. 
    Grundrisse, p. 162.
    
83. 
    The German Ideology, p. 84; MECW v, p. 88. Cf. Theo Ramm,
    ‘Die kunftige Gesellschaftsordnung nach der Theorie von Marx
    und Engels’, Marxismusstudien (Tubingen), vol. ii, 1957,
    

pp. 77-179, passim.

84. 
    The German Ideology, p. 482; MECW v, p. 438.
    
85. 
    The German Ideology, p. 405; MECW v, p. 371-2.
    
86. 
    The German Ideology, pp. 93-4; MECW v, pp. 78-9.
    

87. 
    The German Ideology, pp. 91-2; MECW v, pp. 77-8.
    
88. 
    The German Ideology, p. 470; MECW v, p. 427.
    
89. 
    Lobkowicz, Theory and Practice, p. 402; Carroll, ed., The Ego
    and his Own, p. 14.
    
90. 
    The German Ideology, p. 315; MECW v, p. 378.
    
91. 
    The German Ideology, pp. 412-13; MECW v, p. 378.
    
92. 
    Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, Moscow, Foreign Languages
    Publishing House, 1972, vol. ii, pp. 1 77-8.
    

4 Marx and Proudhon

1. 
   Oeuvres completes de P.-J. Proudhon, ed. Celestin Bougie and
   H. Moysset, Paris, Marcel Riviere, vol. ii, 1924, p. 344. Proud-
   hon’s description of himself as Texcommunie de l’epoche’ may
   be found in Correspondence de P.-J. Proudhon, Paris, Lacroix,
   1875 et seq., vol. vii, p. 265.
   
2. 
   Michael Oakeshott, On Human Conduct, Oxford, Clarendon
   Press, 1975, p. 319n. The quotation is from De la celebration
   du Dimanche, Oeuvres completes, vol. iv (1926), p. 61: ‘to
   find a state of social equality which is neither community
   [Proudhon means a Babouvist communaute des biens or indeed
   a Fourierist community whose individual members are
   repressed by the whole], nor despotism, nor fragmentation, ^
   nor anarchy, but liberty in order and independence in unity’.
   
3. 
   Proudhon published twenty-six volumes in his lifetime; twelve
   appeared posthumously. The most important include Qu est-ce
   que la propriete? (1840);De la creation de I’ordre (1843);
   Systeme des contradictions economiques, ou philosophic de la
   misere (1846); Confessions d’un revolutionnaire (1849);
   

L’idee generate de la revolution {lS5\f, Philosophic de progres
(1853);De la justice dans la Revolution et dans I’Eglise (1858);
La Guerre et la paix (1861); Du princip federatif (\ 863); De la
capacite politique des classes ouvrieres (1865, posth.). Of these,
only the 1840, 1846 and 1851 works have been translated into
English. There is no definitive edition of Proudhon’s writings.
Bibliographical complications are best avoided by recourse to
the extensive (if unselective) bibliography in Robert Hoffman,
Revolutionary Justice: The Social and Political Theory of
P.-J. Proudhon, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1972,

pp. 359-418; cf. also pp. xi-xii. Of the two comprehensive
but incomplete editions of Proudhon’s works, I have generally
used the Riviere Oeuvres completes, as cited above in n. 1
(15 vols, 1923-59), as this is more generally available. The
Riviere volumes are unnumbered and require identification
by the date of publication of each; I have followed Hoffman
(Revolutionary Justice, pp. 359-60) in numbering them in
the order of their appearance and adding the dates in paren-
theses. Proudhon’s writings as he composed them sometimes


run into more than one volume; these are classified within a
Riviere volume, as in n. 71 below (the third volume of
Proudhon’s De la justice appears, with the others, within the
eighth volume (1930) of the Riviere edition). The other
edition of Proudhon is the Lacroix edition (Oeuvres, 26 vols,
Paris, Lacroix, 1867-70). Proudhon’s Correspondence (Paris,
Lacroix, 1875 et seq.) runs to 14 volumes, and his notebooks
are still in the course of making their appearance in print, as
the Carnets, ed. Pierre Haubtmann, Paris, Riviere, 1960 et seq.
For the respective biases of Proudhon’s French language
interpreters, see Alan Ritter, The Political Thought of
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Princeton University Press, 1969,
ch. 1, pp. 3-25.

4. 
   Daniel Guerin, Ni Dieu ni maitre:anthologie de Vanarchisme,
   Paris, Maspero, 1974, vol. i, p. 9.
   
5. 
   Alexander Herzen, From the Other Shore, trans. Moura Budberg,
   with an introduction by Isaiah Berlin, London, Weidenfeld &
   Nicolson, 1956, pp. 132-3. See also My Past and Thoughts: The
   Memoirs of Alexander Herzen, trans. Constance Garnett, revised
   by Humphrey Higgins, with an Introduction by Isaiah Berlin,
   New York, Knopf, 1968, vol. II, ch. 41, pp. 805-22. ‘The
   masses’, Proudhon wrote in 1858, ‘do not read me but without
   reading me they hear me’ - a far from ridiculous claim. ‘In the
   1860s the cobbler Rouillier always carried a volume of Proud-
   hon in his pocket: its pages were uncut, but he considered
   himself a Proudhonist all the same’ (Maxime Vuillaume, Mes
   Cahiers rouges au temps de la Commune (1910), p. 313, quoted
   by Theodore Zeldin, France, 1848-1945, vol. i: Ambition,
   

Love and Politics, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1973, p. 465; cf.

pp. 459-66, passim).

6. 
   Cf. in particular L ’idee generate (Riviere, vol. ii (1924);
   

Lacroix, vol. x) and De la justice (Riviere, vol. viii (1930);
Lacroix, vols xxi-xxvi), passim.

7. 
   Proudhon, Systeme des contradictions economiques, ed. Roger
   Picard, in Riviere, vol. i (1923), p. 405; cf. pp. 378 ff.
   
8. 
   James Joll, The Anarchists, London, Eyre & Spottiswoode,
   

1964, p. 66.

9. 
   Proudhon, quoted by Georges Weill, Histoire du mouvement
   sociale en France, Paris, Alcan, 1924, p. 75.
   
10. 
    Jacques Freymond, ed., La Premiere Internationale: Recueil
    de documents, Geneva, Droz, 1962, vol. i, pp. 87-8; cf. Jules
    L. Puech, Le Proudhonisme dans I’Association Internationale
    des Travailleurs, Paris, Alcan, 1907, passim.
    
11. 
    In Riviere, vol. iii (1924). Introduction and notes by Maxim
    Leroy.
    
12. 
    Riviere, vol. ii (1924), pp. 367-9, 365.
    
13. 
    Ibid., p. 89.
    
14. 
    Isaiah Berlin, Karl Marx: His Life and Environment, 4th edn,
    Oxford University Press, 1978, p. 83.
    

15. 
    The ‘prise de conscience’ Proudhon characterized in 1858 as
    ‘the act by which men, declaring themselves to be essentially
    producers, abdicate all claims to govern one another’ (T’acte
    par lequel l’homme et l’homme, se declarant essentiellement
    producteurs, abdiquent l’un a l’egard de l’autre toute pre-
    tention au gouvernance’.) Cf. De la justice, Paris, Librairie
    Internationale, 1868, vol. ii, 4th Etude, p. 267. Also in
    Riviere, vol. viii (1930).
    
16. 
    ‘Whoever appeals to power and capital for the organization
    

of labour is lying, because the organization of labour should be
the overthrow of power and capital.’ Systeme, in Riviere, vol. i
(1923), p. 310; cf. Joll, The Anarchists, p. 63.

17. 
    Quoted in Daniel Guerin, Anarch ism, trans. Mary Klopper,
    

New York and London, Monthly Review Press, 1970, p. 22.

18. 
    Quoted by George Woodcock, P.-J. Proudhon, London,
    Macmillan, 1956, p. 180.
    
19. 
    George Sand, Correspondence, Paris, Calmann-Levy, 1882,
    vol. iii, pp. 340-1; David Owen Evans, Social Romanticism in
    France, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1961; Henri de Lubac, The
    Un-Marxian Socialist, trans. R.E. Scantlebury, London, Sheen
    & Ward, 1948.
    
20. 
    George Woodcock, Anarchism, Harmondsworth, Penguin,
    

1962, p. 99.

21. 
    Guerin, Anarchism, p. 6.
    
22. 
    Joll, The Anarchists, p. 73.
    
23. 
    Marx and Engels, The German Ideology, trans. Clemens Dutt,
    Moscow, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1965, p. 222;
    also in Marx-Engels Collected Works (henceforward cited as
    MECW), New York and London, International Publishers,
    

1975, et seq. vol. v, p. 207.

24. 
    George Lichtheim, A Short History of Socialism, New Y ork,
    Praeger, 1970, p. 58.
    
25. 
    Quoted by Woodcock, P.-J. Proudhon, p. 60.
    
26. 
    D.W. Brogan, Proudhon, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1934, p. 32.
    
27. 
    William Pickles, ‘Marx and Proudhon’, Politico (London School
    of Economics), vol. iii, no. 13, September 1938, pp. 236-60.
    
28. 
    Marx to Johann Baptist von Schweitzer (24 January 1865),
    original text in Marx-Engels Werke (henceforward cited as
    MEW), Berlin, Dietz, 1956 et seq., vol. xvi, pp. 25 ff.; trans. as
    an appendix to The Poverty of Philosophy, New York,
    International Publishers, 1973, pp. 193-202. See below, n. 35.
    
29. 
    Shlomo Avineri, The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx,
    Cambridge University Press, 1968, p. 83.
    
30. 
    Quoted by Maxim Leroy, Histoire des idees sociales en France,
    Paris, NRF, 1950, vol. ii, p. 470.
    
31. 
    For an incidental illustration of the complexity of property
    titles in nineteenth-century France, cf. Michel Foucault, ed.,
    

I, Pierre Riviere. . .A Case of Parricide in the Nineteenth
Century, trans F. Jellinek, New York, Pantheon, 1975,passim.

32. 
    Brogan, Proudhon, p. 60; cf. Woodcock, P.-J. Proudhon, p. 171;
    George Plekhanov, Marxism and Anarchism, trans. Eleanor Marx
    Aveling, Chicago, Charles Kerr, 1918, p. 73.
    
33. 
    F.F. Ridley, Revolutionary Syndicalism in France, Cambridge
    University Press, 1970, p. 270; Leroy, Histoire des idees sociales,
    vol. ii, p. 492.
    
34. 
    Proudhon, Correspondence, vol. ii, p. 176 (letter of 19 January
    1845); cf. £douard Dolleans, P.-J. Proudhon, Paris, Gallimard,
    1948, p. 95; Dolleans, Histoire du mouvement ouvrier, Paris,
    Colin, 1936, vol. i, p. 209.
    
35. 
    Marx to Schweitzer; The Poverty of Philosophy, p. 196.
    
36. 
    Pickles, ‘Marx and Proudhon’, p. 241. For further details, cf.
    Hoffman, Revolutionary Justice, pp. 87-118, and Erich Tier,
    ‘Marx and Proudhon’, Marxismusstudien (Tubingen), vol. ii,
    1957, pp. 120-50, passim.
    
37. 
    Franz Mehring, Karl Marx, the Story of his Life, trans. Edward
    Fitzgerald, New York, Covici, Friede, 1935, pp. 129-30.
    
38. 
    Marx to Pavel V. Annenkov, 28 December 1846. Original in
    MEW xxvii, pp. 451-63; trans. as an appendix to The Poverty
    of Philosophy, pp. 177-93.
    
39. 
    Maximilien Rubel and Margaret Manale, Marx Without Myth,
    Oxford, Blackwell, 1975, p. 101.
    
40. 
    Marx-Engels Selected Works (henceforward cited as MESW),
    Moscow, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1962, vol. i,
    p. 254.
    
41. 
    Ibid., p. 244.
    
42. 
    These may be found in The Poverty of Philosophy, pp. 194-202;
    Marx, Engels and Lenin, Anarchism and Anarcho-Syndicalism,
    New York, International Publishers, 1974, pp. 41-2; ibid.,
    

pp. 43-4 (or MESW ii, pp. 459-60), respectively.

43. 
    See Eric Hobsbawm, ‘Dr. Marx and the Victorian Critics’, in
    Labouring Men, New York, Doubleday, 1967, pp. 283-93;
    

Rubel and Manale, Marx Without Myth, p. 267.

44. 
    MECW i, p. 220.
    
45. 
    MECW iii, p. 143.
    
46. 
    Ibid., p. 201.
    
47. 
    Ibid., p. 241.
    
48. 
    Ibid., p. 313.
    
49. 
    Ibid., p. 280.
    
50. 
    Ibid., p. 280.
    
51. 
    Ibid., p. 356; MECW iv, pp. 32, 41, 36.
    
52. 
    MECWiv, p. 33.
    
53. 
    Ibid., p. 34.
    
54. 
    The Poverty of Philosophy, pp. 194-6.
    
55. 
    MECW iv, p. 42.
    
56. 
    Ibid., pp. 42-3.
    
57. 
    Ibid., pp. 31-2.
    
58. 
    Ibid., pp. 31-2.
    
59. 
    Ibid., p. 32.
    

60. 
    Ibid., p. 33.
    
61. 
    Ibid., p. 33.
    
62. 
    Ibid., p. 50.
    
63. 
    Plekhanov, Marxism and Anarchism, p. 73.
    
64. 
    MECW iv, p. 49.
    
65. 
    MECW iii, p. 316.
    
66. 
    Ibid., p. 317.
    
67. 
    Marx, Grundrisse, trans. and with an introduction by Martin
    Nicolaus, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1973, p. 319; cf. p. 311.
    
68. 
    Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, Moscow, Foreign Languages
    Publishing House, 1972, vol. iii, p. 525.
    
69. 
    Ibid., p. 456; cf. vol. i, pp. 323-5.
    
70. 
    MECW iv, p. 216; The German Ideology, pp. 232, 584, or
    MECW v, pp. 216, 530.
    
71. 
    Riviere, vol. viii (1930), 3, p. 424.
    
72. 
    The full texts of Marx’s and Proudhon’s letters may most
    readily be found in Stewart Edwards and Elizabeth Fraser,
    

Selected Writings of P.-J. Proudhon, New York, Doubleday,

1969, pp. 147-54. (Proudhon’s letter was published as an
appendix to the first edition of his Confessions in 1849; see
Riviere, vol. vii (1929), pp. 432-7. For Marx’s letter, see also Marx-
Engels Selected Correspondence, Moscow, Progress Publishers,
1975, pp. 24-5).

73. 
    Edwards and Fraser, Selected Writings of P.-J. Proudhon,
    pp. 150-4.
    
74. 
    Proudhon, letter of 19 September 1847 to Guillaumin, in
    Correspondence, vol. vii, pp. 415-23; cf. Dolleans, Histoire du
    mouvement ouvrier, vol. i, p. 211; ‘Appendix’, ed. Roger
    Picard, to Riviere, vol. i (1923), pp. 267-8, for Proudhon’s
    marginal comments on The Poverty of Philosophy, Proudhon,
    Carnets, vol. v, p. 109.
    
75. 
    The Poverty of Philosophy, p. 29. The original (French) text,
    worth consulting because of the flatness of the standard
    English translation, may be found in Marx-Engels Gesamtaus-
    gabe,vol. l,Abt. vi, Moscow, 1932, pp. 117 ff.
    
76. 
    Proudhon, Systeme, vol. i, in Riviere, vol. i (1923), p. 284. See
    also George Lichtheim, The Origins of Socialism, New York,
    Praeger, 1969, p. 92.
    
77. 
    Proudhon, Systeme, vol. ii, in Riviere, vol. i (1923), 2, pp. 258,
    266. Cf. Lichtheim, The Origins of Socialism, p. 92.
    
78. 
    Proudhon, quoted by Leroy, Histoire des idees sociales en
    France, vol. ii, p. 492; cf. Paul Louis, Histoire du socialisme en
    France, Paris, Riviere, 1937, p. 148.
    
79. 
    The Poverty of Philosophy, p. 192.
    
80. 
    Ibid.
    
81. 
    Proudhon, Systeme in Riviere, vol. i (1923), 2, p. 258.
    
82. 
    Riviere, vol. viii (1930), 1, p. 239.
    
83. 
    The Poverty of Philosophy, p. 199.
    
84. 
    Ibid., p. 197.
    
85. 
    Ibid., p. 195.
    

86. 
    MECW iv, pp. 35-6.
    
87. 
    The German Ideology, p. 584; MECW v, p. 530.
    
88. 
    The Poverty of Philosophy, pp. 202, 180, 181.
    
89. 
    Ibid., pp. 182-3.
    
90. 
    Ibid., pp. 186-7.
    
91. 
    Proudhon, The General Idea of the Revolution in the
    Nineteenth Century, trans. John Beverley Robinson, London
    and Berlin, Freedom Press, 1923, p. 41.
    
92. 
    The Poverty of Philosophy, p. 187.
    
93. 
    Ibid., pp. 189-91.
    
94. 
    Marx and Engels, The Manifesto of the Communist Party, in
    MESW i, p. 47.
    
95. 
    The Poverty of Philosophy, p. 107.
    
96. 
    Ibid., p. 106.
    
97. 
    Ibid., p. 105.
    
98. 
    Ibid., p. 114.
    
99. 
    Ibid., p. 150.
    
100. 
     Ibid., p. 60.
     
101. 
     Ibid., p. 116.
     
102. 
     Ibid., p. 112.
     
103. 
     Ibid., p. 108.
     
104. 
     Ibid., p. 111.
     
105. 
     Ibid., p. 112.
     
106. 
     Ibid., p. 119.
     
107. 
     Proudhon, Philosophie de progres (introduction and notes by
     Theodore Ruyssen), Riviere, vol. xii, (1946), pp. 50-1.
     
108. 
     Louis Dupre, Philosophical Foundations of Marxism, New York,
     Harcourt, Brace, 1966, p. 183.
     
109. 
     Proudhon, Correspondance, vol. vi, p. 313. Alan Ritter, who
     quotes this passage from Proudhon, adds wryly that ‘his
     foreboding came true ... he dabbled confusingly in economics
     all his life’ {The Political Thought of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon,
     P-14).
     
110. 
     Rubel and Manale, Marx Without Myth, p. 243.
     
111. 
     Quoted by David Horowitz, ‘Introduction’ to his Marx and
     Modern Economics, New York, Random House, 1968, p. 14.
     
112. 
     Cf. n. 56, above.
     
113. 
     The German Ideology, p. 409; MECW v, p. 375.
     
114. 
     Grundrisse, p. 310. Cf. above, ch. 2, pp. 147 ff.
     
115. 
     The Poverty of Philosophy, p. 42.
     
116. 
     Ibid., p. 43; cf. Grundrisse, pp. 424-5.
     
117. 
     The Poverty of Philosophy, p. 51.
     
118. 
     Ibid., p. 49; cf. Grundrisse, pp. 265-6.
     
119. 
     The Poverty of Philosophy, p. 79.
     
120. 
     Grundrisse, pp. 248-9.
     
121. 
     Oeuvres (Lacroix), vol. xviii, p. 6.
     
122. 
     Herzen, From the Other Shore, p. 34.
     
123. 
     Engels, ‘Introduction’ to first German edition of The Poverty
     

of Philosophy (1884); reprinted in the 1973 English edition, p.7.

124. 
     Ibid., pp. 198, 127.
     

125. 
     Ibid., pp. 198-9.
     
126. 
     Ibid., p. 125. For a discussion, cf. Paul Thomas, ‘Marx and
     Science’, Political Studies (Oxford), vol. xxiv, no. 1, March
     1976, pp. 1-24.
     
127. 
     The Poverty of Philosophy, p. 202.
     
128. 
     Ibid., pp. 201-2.
     
129. 
     Ibid., p. 199.
     
130. 
     This point is sketched with remarkable brevity by Rubel and
     Manale; see Marx Without Myth, pp. 204-5. On Marx and
     Lassalle, cf. George Lichtheim, Marxism: an Historical and
     Critical Study, New York, Praeger, 1971, pp. 92 ff.
     
131. 
     Rubel and Manale, Marx Without Myth, pp. 204-5.
     
132. 
     Thus Proudhon in 1852: ‘I understand that this work can only
     compromise me seriously without compensating advantages. It
     involves participating in the crime to a certain extent, by
     breathing some life into it. . . To find a way out of a nest of
     thieves, an explanation for an ambush! a meaning for perjury!
     an excuse for cowardice! a point to imbecility! a rationale and
     a cause for tyranny! To do this is to prostitute reason, it is to
     abuse one’s powers to think, observe and judge.’ Carnet entry
     of 13 April 1852, cited in Edouard Dolleans and Georges
     Duveau, ‘Introduction’ to Riviere, vol. ix (1936), p. 71. The
     ellipsis is in the original.
     
133. 
     See Proudhon, La Revolution sociale demontree par le coup
     d’etat de deux decembre (1858) in Riviere, vol. ix, 1936.
     
134. 
     On this incident, cf. Woodcock, P.-J. Proudhon, p. 129; Artur
     Desjardins, P.-J. Proudhon, Paris, Perrin, 1896, vol. i, p. 210;
     Edouard Tirol,P.-J. Proudhon, Paris, Pages Libres, 1909, p. 163.
     
135. 
     Georges Duveau, ‘Introduction’ to Riviere, vol. ix, pp. 12-13.
     
136. 
     Avineri, The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx, p. 183.
     
137. 
     Maximilien Rubel, ‘Notes on Marx’s Conception of Democracy’,
     New Politics (New York), vol. i, no. 2, winter 1962, p. 79.
     
138. 
     See Istvan Mezaros, Marx’s Theory of Alienation, London,
     Merlin Press, 1970, pp. 126-30.
     
139. 
     Ibid., p. 129.
     
140. 
     MECW iii, pp. 331 -3; cf. Avineri, The Social and Political
     Thought of Karl Marx, p. 80.
     
141. 
     Grundrisse, p. 641.
     
142. 
     Cf. Annie Kriegel, ‘Le syndicalisme revolutionnaire et
     Proudhon’, in Le Pain et les roses: Jalons pour une histoire
     du socialisme, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1968,
     pp. 33-50, passim.
     
143. 
     The Poverty of Philosophy, p. 193.
     
144. 
     Ibid., p. 201.
     
145. 
     Theories of Surplus Value, vol. iii, pp. 526-7.
     
146. 
     See in particular Barrington Moore, Jr, Social Origins of
     Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making
     of the Modern World, Boston, Beacon Press, 1966, pp. 70-110;
     Albert Soboul, Les Sans-culottes parisiens en Van II, Paris,
     

Editions de Seuil, 1968, passim (the severely shortened English
translation, The Sans-Culottes: The Popular Movement and
Revolutionary Government 1793-94, trans. Remy Inglis Hall,
New York, Doubleday, 1972, is, shamefully, out of print); and
Gwyn A. Williams, Artisans and Sans-Culottes: Popular Move-
ments in France and England during the French Revolution,
New York, Norton, 1969, pp. 19-58.

147. 
     Raymond Williams, Marxism and Literature, Oxford University
     Press, 1977, pp. 80-1.
     
148. 
     For the notion of ‘moral economy’ cf. E.P. Thompson, The
     Making of the English Working Class, New York, Vintage, 1966,
     passim.