tical event-related potentials, can provide
information on the prognosis of patients in
coma.
169
This use will be discussed in greater
detail in Chapter 8.
REFERENCES
1. Dunn C, Held JL, Spitz J, et al. Coma blisters:
report and review. Cutis 45 (6), 423–426, 1990.
2. Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment and prognosis of
coma after head injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 34
(1–4), 45–55, 1976.
3. Gill MR, Reiley DG, Green SM. Interrater reliabil-
ity of Glasgow Coma Scale scores in the emergency
department. Ann Emerg Med 43, 215–223, 2004.
4. McNarry AF, Goldhill DR. Simple bedside assess-
ment of level of consciousness: comparison of two
simple assessment scales with the Glasgow Coma
scale. Anaesthesia 59, 34–37, 2004.
5. Servadei F. Coma scales. Lancet 367 (9510), 548–
549, 2006.
6. Ropper AH, O’Rourke D, Kennedy SK. Head posi-
tion, intracranial pressure, and compliance. Neuro-
logy 32 (11), 1288–1291, 1982.
7. Saper CB, Loewy AD, Swanson LW, et al. Direct
hypothalamo-autonomic connections. Brain Res 117
(2), 305–312, 1976.
8. Saper CB. Central autonomic system. In Paxinos G.
ed. The Rat Nervous System. Elsevier Academic
Press, San Diego, pp 761–796, 2004.
9. Rossetti AO, Reichhart MD Bogousslavsky J. Central
Horner’s syndrome with contralateral ataxic hemipa-
resis: a diencephalic alternate syndrome. Neurology
61 (3), 334–338, 2003.
10. Reeves AG, Posner JB. The ciliospinal response in
man. Neurology 19, 1145–1152, 1969.
11. Vassend O, Knardahl S. Cardiovascular responsive-
ness to brief cognitive challenges and pain sensitivity
in women. Eur J Pain 8 (4), 315–324, 2004.
12. Zidan AH, Girvin JP. Effect on the Cushing response
of different rates of expansion of a supratentorial mass.
J Neurosurg 49 (1), 61–70, 1978.
13. Kawahara E, Ikeda S, Miyahara Y, et al. Role of auto-
nomic nervous dysfunction in electrocardio-graphic
abnormalities and cardiac injury in patients with
acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Circ J 67 (9), 753–
756, 2003.
14. Lorsheyd A, Simmers TA Robles De Medina EO.
The relationship between electrocardiographic ab-
normalities and location of the intracranial aneurysm
in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Pacing Clin Electro-
physiol 26 (8), 1722–1728, 2003.
15. McLaughlin N, Bojanowski MW, Girard F, et al.
Pulmonary edema and cardiac dysfunction following
subarachnoid hemorrhage. Can J Neurol Sci 32 (2),
178–185, 2005.
16. Ferrante L, Artico M, Nardacci B, Fraioli B,
Cosentino F, Fortuna A. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
with cardiac syncope. Neurosurgery 36, 58–63, 1995.
17. Cole CR, Zuckerman J Levine BD. Carotid sinus
‘‘irritability’’ rather than hypersensitivity: a new name
for an old syndrome? Clin Auton Res 11(2), 109–
113, 2001.
18. Paulson OB, Strandgaard S Edvinsson L. Cerebral
autoregulation. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 2(2),
161–192, 1990.
19. Strandgaard S, Paulson OB. Regulation of cerebral
blood flow in health and disease. J Cardiovasc Phar-
macol 19 (Suppl 6), S89–S93, 1992.
20. Wahl M, Schilling L. Regulation of cerebral blood
flow—a brief review. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien)
59, 3–10, 1993.
21. Schondorf R, Benoit J, Stein R. Cerebral autoreg-
ulation in orthostatic intolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci
940, 514–526, 2001.
22. Sato A, Sato Y, Uchida S. Regulation of cerebral
cortical blood flow by the basal forebrain cholinergic
fibers and aging. Auton Neurosci 96 (1), 13–19,
2002.
23. Bieger D, Hopkins DA. Viscerotopic representa-
tion of the upper alimentary tract in the medulla
oblongata in the rat: the nucleus ambiguus. J Comp
Neurol 262 (4), 546–562, 1987.
24. Ross CA, Ruggiero DA, Park DH, et al. Tonic
vasomotor control by the rostral ventrolateral me-
dulla: effect of electrical or chemical stimulation
of the area containing C1 adrenaline neurons on
arterial pressure, heart rate, and plasma catechol-
amines and vasopressin. J Neurosci 4(2), 474–494,
1984.
25. Panneton WM, Loewy AD. Projections of the carotid
sinus nerve to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the
cat. Brain Res 191 (1), 239–244, 1980.
26. Ciriello J. Brainstem projections of aortic barorecep-
tor afferent fibers in the rat. Neurosci Lett 36 (1),
37–42, 1983.
27. Ross CA, Ruggiero DA, Reis DJ. Projections from
the nucleus tractus solitarii to the rostral ventro-
lateral medulla. J Comp Neurol 242 (4), 511–534,
1985.
28. Blessing WW, Reis DJ. Inhibitory cardiovascular
function of neurons in the caudal ventrolateral me-
dulla of the rabbit: relationship to the area contain-
ing A1 noradrenergic cells. Brain Res 253 (1–2), 161–
171, 1982.
29. Smith JC, Ellenberger HH, Ballanyi K, et al. Pre-
Botzinger complex: a brainstem region that may gen-
erate respiratory rhythm in mammals. Science 254
(5032), 726–729, 1991.
30. Gray PA, Janczewski WA, Mellen N, et al. Normal
breathing requires preBotzinger complex neuroki-
nin-1 receptor-expressing neurons. Nat Neurosci 4,
927–930, 2001.
31. Wallach JH, Loewy AD. Projections of the aortic
nerve to the nucleus tractus solitarius in the rabbit.
Brain Res 188 (1), 247–251, 1980.
32. Torrealba F, Claps A. The carotid sinus connections:
a WGA-HRP study in the cat. Brain Res 455 (1),
134–143, 1988.
33. Kalia M, Richter D. Rapidly adapting pulmonary
receptor afferents: I. Arborization in the nucleus of
the tractus solitarius. J Comp Neurol 274 (4), 560–
573, 1988.
34. Feldman JL, Ellenberger HH. Central coordination
of respiratory and cardiovascular control in mam-
mals. Annu Rev Physiol 50, 593–606, 1988.
35. Weston MC, Stornetta RL, Guyenet PG. Glutama-
tergic neuronal projections from the marginal
Examination of the Comatose Patient
83