251
Atmospheric
Radiation
distribution of forest and peat fires obtained from Terra and Aqua satellites, are
presented [Fokeeva et al., 2011]. Increase in concentrations of chemically-active
(NO, NO
2
, CO, O
3
, SO
2
) and greenhouse gases CO
2
, CH
4
, and nonmethane hy‑
drocarbons over Moscow is estimated during the 2010 Fires [Elansky et al.,
2011]. The climatic trends and basic features of seasonal variations in and anom‑
alies of the concentration of methane in the atmospheric surface layer have been
considered on the basis of the current notion of the processes that form the glob‑
al field of methane in the Earth’s atmosphere. Measurement data on the surface
concentration of methane, which were obtained in Moscow and at a number of
observation stations in Europe and Siberia in the fall-winter period of the first
decade of the 21st century, are analyzed [Ginzburg et al., 2011].
The Ural Atmospheric Fourier Station (UAFS) based on a Bruker IFS-125M
Fourier spectrometer and intended for trace gas monitoring in the background
atmosphere is now in operation. First results of the retrieval of the heavy water
isotopes in the Ural atmosphere are given [Gribanov et al., 2011].
Since 2011
in IAM RAS, algorithms and codes for the hyper‑spectral remote
sensing of characteristics of
the atmosphere, clouds and underlying surface are
developed [Bass et al., 2014]. At present the testing of the software package are
carried out using the processing of real spectra of atmospheric sounding.
In 2011–2014 the CAO team developed, made and tested a prototype of a
ground-based microwave multichannel complex for monitoring the atmospheric
thermodynamic parameters [Kadygrov et al., 2013a]. The complex provides con‑
tinuous measurements of temperature profiles up to the 10 km altitude (under
cloudless atmosphere) and to 2–4 km (under cloudiness) and also the total vapor
and cloud liquid water content. The complex also provides measurements of
temperature profiles in the atmospheric boundary layer practically in any weath‑
er conditions. Unique data on phase
moisture transitions in clouds, in particular
on the cloud liquid water content of thin clouds and a haze, are obtained using
the complex [Kadygrov et al., 2014]. Jointly with specialists of Hydrometeoro‑
logical Center, IAP RAS, MSU and “Mosecomonitoring”, studies of vertical
structure of the heat island over Moscow using the microwave temperature pro‑
filemer of MTR-5 established in the megalopolis and in the suburbs have contin‑
ued [Kuznetsova et al., 2012]. The analysis of unique data on the heat island and
its vertical distribution over Moscow was carried out during the powerful block‑
ing anti-cyclone in the summer of 2010 [Gorchakov et al., 2014a]. The experi‑
ment on studying the influence of weather conditions and rainfall on data of the
MTR-5 microwave profilemer was carried out in cooperation with the Nansen
Environmental and Remote Sensing Center (Norway), the Finnish Meteorolog‑
ical Institute (Finland), IPA RAS and Institute of Applied
Physics RAS in the
valley Bergen (Norway) [Ezau et al., 2013]. Data on the vertical structure vari‑
ability of the atmospheric boundary layer during solar eclipses are generalized
252
Yu. M. Timofeyev, E. M. Shulgina
and published [Kadygrov et al., 2013b]. At present the new generation of Dop‑
pler meteorological radars (DMRL-S) is put into operation, and on their basis the
observation network covering practically all territory of the Russian Federation
is created [Zhukov and Shchukin, 2014]. With the CAO participation the air‑
borne meteo-laboratory of the new generation YaK-42D “Roshydromet” for the
environment studies has been created. It is equipped with the most modern con‑
tact and remote devices for atmospheric studies and already made a number of
research flights to the Arctic regions of the Russian Federation.
6. Interpretation of Satellite Measurements
Studies devoted to the development of methods for determining information
products on parameters of the atmosphere and underlying
surface on the basis of
the analysis of satellite data, and also to problems of the calibration and valida‑
tion of satellite data and information products are the main part of all studies in
this field.
Studies on developing techniques for interpreting and using the data from
Russian Polar‑orbiting and Geostationary Meteorological Satellites “Meteor‑M”
and Electro-L and also on creating the operative procedures for the processing
of satellite measurements and the retrieval of information products are carried
on at SRB “Planeta”. A new method has been developed and tested for the land
air temperature retrieval of regional and global covering from microwave imag‑
er/sounder MTVZA/Meteor-M N. 1 [Kramchaninova and Uspensky, 2012]. Val‑
idation issues of satellite based temperature-humidity profile retrieval are con‑
sidered. The comparative characteristics of advanced satellite-based microwave
radiometers (SSMIS, ATMS, AMSU, AMSR2, and MTVZA) intended to obtain
information about the parameters of the atmosphere and
the underlying surface
are presented. Methodical aspects of determining the atmospheric water vapor,
cloud liquid, atmospheric temperature-humidity profiles using ground-based mi‑
crowave radiometers are considered. The results of the comparison of satel‑
lite-based products with upper-air and ground-based microwave radiometric
soundings of the atmosphere are reviewed [Karavaev et al, 2014]. The descrip‑
tion of the onboard measuring complex, the structure of output products and a
ground-based reception complex for processing and distributing the “Meteor-M”
N2 data is given in paper [Asmus et al., 2014]. Prospects of receiving products
of the remote atmospheric sensing from data of hyper‑spectral IR‑sounders in‑
cluding IRFS-2 Fourier spectrometer onboard “Meteor-M” N2 have been ana‑
lyzed [Uspensky and Rublev, 2014]. The Fast Radiative Transfer Model (FRTM)
designed for the analysis and validation of the IR-sounder IRFS-2 has been de‑
veloped jointly with Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical
Geophysics. Computational efficiency is estimated and the results of the