Second Language Learning and Language Teaching

155
, 156, 158, 225–8
grammar-translation
17, 180, 
238
immersion teaching
147
, 148
listening-based
131–3, 162
reciprocal language teaching
183, 187
total physical response method
4,
131–2, 148, 149, 162, 253
use of first language
4–5, 110, 152,
177–85, 233
teaching styles
3–5, 235–71
academic (grammar-translation)
17,
180, 237–42, 
238
audio-lingual method
242
, 242–7
communicative teaching method
17,
162, 201, 247–56
and culture
249–50
definition
235
EFL mainstream style
263–6
humanistic/alternative
267–70
task-based learning
257
, 257–63
teaching techniques
age appropriateness
149–50
audio-lingual method
242–3
communicative teaching method
248–50
conversational exchanges
166
definition
235
drills
22, 222, 
242
, 243
grammar
5, 31, 32, 36–43, 40–1, 42–3
information gap exercises
111–12, 
247
,
248–9, 261
listening
129–33
pronunciation
80–5, 148, 246
reading
123–4
repetition
60–1, 70, 81–2, 222, 244–5
scaffolding
227, 
228
, 229–30
strategy training
117–19
substitution tables
21, 
263
, 264
tasks
249, 
257
, 257–8, 259–60, 261
teacher talk
155
, 157–8
vocabulary
62–5, 110–12, 123–4, 240
writing
98–102
technical writing
204
temporality
54
Terrell, Tracey
132, 133, 162
tests
137–8, 144–5, 178, 223
‘th’ rule
91, 92
three-letter rule
91, 92
Timmis, Ivor
186
titles rule
91, 92
Tomasello, Michael
7, 13
tone languages
83
, 83–4, 85
top-down parsing
125
, 126–8
total physical response method
4, 131–2,
148, 149, 162, 253
Touchstone
(2005)
61, 139, 248, 253, 
261
tourists
203, 208–9
TPR method
4, 131–2, 148, 149, 162, 253
Tracks
(1979)
211
traditional grammar
19
, 20–1, 24, 240
traffic light metaphor
54
Index
305

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transfer
13, 71, 
75
, 76–7, 94–5
as communication strategy
107, 110
transitional L2 teaching
205
, 206–7
translation
239
see also
grammar-trans-
lation method
tree diagrams
21, 25
True to Life
(1995)
124, 253
Tucker, G.R.
183
turn-taking
168
UG
see
Universal Grammar (UG)
Underwood, M.
129, 130
UNESCO
12
Universal Grammar (UG)
33
, 36, 
214
,
214–18, 233, 250
universals, language acquisition
77–8
Ur, P.
184
usage-based learning
7
Using Intonation
(1979)
84–5
validity
145, 259
values
10, 210
variation in language
38, 64–5, 83, 172–3
spelling
99–100
Verbal Behavior
(1957)
221
verbs, argument structure
50
, 63, 217
vocabulary
46–66
see also
meaning
acquisition of words
49–52, 60–2
formal models
217
grammatical categories
50
learning strategies
51–2, 57–62
lexical relations
54–5, 60, 63–4
and linguistic relativity
56–7
mental word-stores
52–3, 61–2
retrieval
126
structure words
24
, 25, 
26
, 28, 47
teaching materials
46–7, 49, 54, 59, 
61, 63
teaching techniques
62–5, 110–12,
123–4, 240
word frequency
46
, 46–9
voice onset time (VOT)
69
, 72, 77, 128
Voix et Images de France
(1961)
46–7
vowel correspondence rules
92–3, 94
Vygotsky, Lev
228–9
Wallerstein, N.
210
Watson, I.
72
Webster, Noah
91
Weeks, F.
204
Weinreich, Ulrich
194
Welsh
56
wh-movement
29–30
wh-questions
45
while-listening stage
129
White, Lydia
35, 42
Wieden, Wilfried
71
Wight, J.
248
Wilkins, David
166
Williams, Jessica
42
Williams, L.
72
Willis, D.
129, 258, 261
Willis, J.
129, 258, 259–60, 261
Winitz, H.
132
word building
51
word coinage
107, 108, 110
word frequency
46
, 46–9
word order
18, 29–30, 45, 
218
, 219
word spaces
96
words
see
vocabulary
Words You Need, The
(1981)
54
Wright, C.
148
writing
87–104
characteristics
4
correspondence rules
87
, 89, 91–3, 
94
direction of
90
meaning-based systems
87
, 88, 89, 
90
orthographic regularities
90
, 91
punctuation
19, 95–7
scientific writing
200–1, 204
sound-based systems
87
, 88–90
spelling
19, 50, 70, 90–5
teaching materials
100–1
teaching techniques
98–102
technical writing
204
Yelland, G.W.
209
zone of proximal development
228
, 229
Index
306