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range of biomass more effectively, making it possible to utilise agricultural waste such as corn stalks and straw,
and woody biomass (PCSBI 2010).
Some Biofuels are currently available as product (near-term), in pilot development (medium-term), or are
expected
in the long term, when companies have demonstrated intent to develop the application (Table 4).
Table 4: Product Matrix for biofuels (SBP 2012) “Inventory of synthetic biology products – existing and possible”
(Synthetic Biology Project – Draft, July 2012)
The classification concerning the readiness for marketing reads as follows (SBP 2012):
-
Near-term: currently available as product, demonstrations have been running and may be scaled up, seeking
out markets and customers
-
Medium-term: pilot plant built, in clinical trials, joint venture established,
holds patents
-
Long-term: companies have demonstrated intent to develop this application, but has not progressed beyond
small scale or experimental work, applied for patents
-
On the horizon: no commercial development, but some laboratory experimentation
The expected benefit of technologies that make use of biomass feedstock with dormant biodegrading
enzymes, like the INzyme
TM
technology (Agrivida 2012b), is to reduce the cost and energy of breaking down
feedstock for the fermentation process to produce ethanol or to create high-performance feedstocks or
chemicals (Agrivida 2012a, b). In June 2012, Agrivida announced at the National Corn Growers Association’s
Corn Utilization and Technology Conference that it had launched its “first significant field production” of
modified corn in US Department of Agriculture-permitted field trials (Agrivida 2012b).
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Figure 14: INzyme
TM
Plant Expression (Agrivida 2012b)
“Glowing plants”
A further research for using synthetic biology techniques is demonstrated in the design/ the creation of
glowing plant. In the so called “Glowing Plant project”, synthetic biology techniques and software from
Genome Compiler, for the design and „print“ DNA, are used for transformation processes of
Arabidopsis
thaliana. These processes will lead to the production of luciferase and luciferin, which appears in an emission
of weak, green-blue light by endowing it with genetic circuitry from fireflies. Finally the creation of a so called
“Glowing Plant” is completed/finished (Callaway 2013). Pollack (2013) tinkers with this idea one stage further
for the development of glowing trees that can replace electric streetlamps and potted flowers luminous
enough to read by.
But there are fears for an unsupervised and uncontrolled release of such synthetic engineered organism/plants
due to the assumption that no regulatory system would interfere in this case. Critics
speak of gaps and holes in
the regulatory structure and say that this might strengthen a negative public perception of synthetic biology,
because there is no real “useful” task behind this research/development. It could be seen only as a synthetic
gimmick/gadget and therein should not be the main focus on such kind of research development of synthetic
biology or the use of synthetic biology techniques (Pollack 2013; Callaway 2013).
4.3.3
Emerging applications
Cell-free synthetic biology to replace plant cell cultures
Plant cell culture allows for sustainable production of secondary metabolites, which, at the same time, is
challenged by low product yields (Wilson and Roberts 2012). Cell
culture variability,
i.e. dedifferentiated
versus
differentiated cells, is an important factor governing metabolite and protein production.
Cell-free biology, on the other hand, is a possibility to produce desirable compounds and to incorporate non-
natural encoded amino acids (NNAA) without the limitations and necessities of intact living cells (Harris and
Jewett 2012). Recent applications of cell-free synthetic biology (Smith et al. 2014) include antibody production
(in prokaryote- and eukaryote-based systems), pharmaceuticals (vaccines, e.g. against Lymphoma and
Malaria), or biocatalysts like hydrogenase and lipase. Finally, the incorporation of unnatural amino acids has a
number of applications such as ligand-protein interaction, biotherapeutics, and biocatalysis.
Transient expression of synthetic biology in plants
Transient expression systems and their controlled modulation are important tools in plant-based synthetic
biology (Sainsbury and Lomonossoff 2014). Transient transformation of plant tissues is rapid and the