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CONCLUSION
The study of, “Aditya - II Karikala – A Forgotten Prince of the
Imperial Cholas (A Historical study)”, has brought to light certain significant
and interesting findings, relating to various aspects of the period of Co-ruler
Aditya- II Karikala, in the domain of the Chola Empire.
As far as the source materials are concerned, the Researcher by
conducting field survey, has brought to light the unreported lithic record from
Pudukudi, Thanjavur District. Besides, the surface exploration has brought to
light structural remains from Palayarai and Temples, which helped the
Researcher to sketch the history of Aditya- II Karikala. The epigraphs, copper
plates, and ulas assigned to Chola Period, display the clear picture of the
political background of Yuvaraja Aditya- II Karikala, starting from the Sangam
Age. The study has also narrated the role of Yuvaraja, which was in conformity
with the pattern, followed by his ancestors.
The study pointed out the various wars fought from the time of Aditya-
II Karkala’s ancestors and also denoted the courageous role of Yuvaraja’s
played in the Battles of Tiruperumbuyam and Takkolam. Further the study
mentions various annexations, extension of territories and the Cholas’ relation
with Pandyas, Cheras, Ceylonese, Banas, Gangas, Vaidumbas, Rashtrakutas
and Chalukyas. The study also reveals the matrimonial relations of Cholas
with the others by which they extended their sway.
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It is also cited sepulchral temples and memorials built for Aditya- II
Karikala’s
his
ancestors
such
as,
“Adityaeswara
Temple”
and
“Godandaramesvara Temple” built by Parantaka-I in memory of his father
Aditya- I. A stone temple called ‘Gandaradittam’ in memory of Gandaraditya
at Tirunallam i.e. Konerirajapuram by his Queen Sembiyan Madevi and
another temple called ‘Arinjigaiesvaramudaiyar’ erected in memory of Arinjiya
at the bank of the River Ponnai at Melpadi by Raja Raja-I. Further it also
mentions about the last days of his father Sundara Chola Parantaka II who
stayed and died in golden palace at Kanchipuram in remembrance of him
(Aditaya- II Karikala) and therefore he was as called ‘Ponmaligai
Tunjinadevar’ and about his mother Vanavanmadevi who committed sati.
The field survey conducted at Pallavamedu in Kanchipuram reveals the
existence of this structure. The structure was a palace in Chola days.
The study reveals rich epigraphic data, such as 114 inscriptions and
nine Hero Stones, pertaining to Aditya- II Karikala, from fifty five villages,
twenty four taluks and fourteen districts. The study provides unique
information i.e., the period of Aditya - II Karikala was fixed to six regnal years
i.e, end of 963 A.D to the beginning of 964 A.D to 969 to whereas so far it was
considered that he had acted as Co-Ruler only for a period of five years. As a
Co-Ruler, Yuvaraja Aditya - II Karikala had thrown his weight in overthrowing
the Pandya King, Vira Pandya, his contemporary and like his ancestor, like
Parantaka- I by cutting him in Sevur War. By this, he put an end to the First
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Pandyan Empire. Further, he also extended the Chola Empire by wresting of
Tondaimandalam from Rashtrakutas.
The study also brings out clear picture that both Aditya- II Karikala and
Parthivendravarman are different i.e., Aditya- II karikala was a Co-Ruler of
Sundara Chola but Parthivendravarman belongs to local Pallava stock and the
feudatory under Aditya- II Karikala and his father Sundara Chola. The study
has also elucidated the various opinions regarding his assassination and
highlighted the traitors in his reign. It also brought to light the memorial
structure called Adityeswara Temple at Anaikkattaputtur erected in his honour
by Parthivendravarman.
As far as the administrative set up of Yuvaraja Aditya- II Karikala, the
Co-Ruler of Sundara Chola was concerned, there was a sound administrative
set up, which divided Mandalam into Valanadu, Valanadu into Nadus, Nadus
into Kurrams or Kottams, and Kottam or Kurram into Parrus (villages), for the
sake of administrative convenience. Likewise, Local Administration was also
made an effective one by setting administrative divisions like Sabha, Nagaram
and Ur. It is said that Local Administration became popular only from
Rajaraja- I, but it was in fact practised even during the reign of Yuvaraja
Aditya- II Karikala. The research work also identified the different categories
of administrative officials and their functions. Further it elucidate the various
Executive Bodies and Officials such as Alunganam, Allumperummagal,
Allunganattar, Ganam and Ganaperumakkal, Giramavittan, Mulaparishat or
Mulaparudaiyar and Mulaparishat Perumakkal etc and Temple Executive
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Bodies and Officials such as Puniyaganam and Puniyaganathu Perumagal, Sri
Karyam Seyvor, Sri Karuyamarayum Adhikari, Sri Kariyamarayum
Perumoakkal and Tiru Unnalikai Sabhaiyom etc.
Another significant feature is the epigraphs of Aditya- II Karikala which
indicate twelve feudatories to be under his sway. His rule, extension of sway
and his control over the feudatory chieftains, established his influence in the
Chola Empire.
The analysis of social activities and economic transactions during the
Co-ruler Aditya- II Karikala enabled the formulation many findings in this
study. Socially speaking, there were various categories of people such as
Brahmins, Vellalas, Viyapari, Kaikkolars, Mandradis and Chettiyar and they
were involved in their occupational activities. The epigraphs of Aditya -II
Karikala proved their higher status in the society and their special position in
religious oriented activities.
The study of inscriptions of Aditya- II Karikala shows the clear picture
about the status of women and their contributions in the reign of Aditya-II
Karikala. It also drawn the pious role played by them in the temple renovation,
construction and other gifts to the temple .The significant finding in the study is
that in inscriptions of Aditya- II Karikala, ‘Rape’ was considered a sin
equivalent to going to Naragam (hell).
Further, the study also highlighted the notable features like development
of education (i.e., a new school of philosophy called Prabhakaram) and about
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teachers known as Vedavallavar – Apurvigal, Niranjara Pandithar and
Vakanipar and their various roles. The study also elucidates the art of dance ,
drama and music attained its glory during the reign of Aditya-II Karikala with
special reference to Ariyakkuttu.
The study brings out varieties of dishes like Akkaradiyal amudhu
(sweat dish), Kariamudhuku (vegetable rice), Kummayam, Kaikari amudhu
(vegetable rice), Puliyan Kari amudhu (tamarind rice), Pori Kari amudhu, curd
rice and dhal (dal rice) consumed during the time Aditya-II Karikala. Further
the inscriptions also refers to the ingredients and its preparation for dishes.
Besides this sugar, salt, Avul (roasted rice), Ell (Gingily), coconut, ripe
plantain, areca nut, betel nut, Betel leaf and Sunnan were noted in the
epigraphs of Aditya-II Karikala embellished the customary Tamil practice of
“Virundhu”.
The economic transactions, during Aditya-II Karikala, provided
information on the income to the State Revenue from various sources. Of them,
taxes such as Aminji, Eccoru, Puravuvari, Veti, Silvari, Uralittirai, and fines
like Tandapadu and Mandrupadu were notable. These tax terms have been
classified as land tax, water tax, profession tax and minor dues and judicial
fines. Another important feature of his period is that it produced different kinds
of coins such as kalanju, kalanju pon, Terikamaka Pon, pasum pon (gold of
greenish yellow), Pon –tulai, Akkam, Manjadi, kasu, and Illa-Kasu. It also
refers to Interest (A charge for borrowed money) such as ‘Poli’, ‘Poliyuttu’,
‘Pondu’, ‘Palisai’ and ‘Polisai’. Another notable feature of his period is
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existence of market place “Angadi” such as Perrankadi, Tanjavur Periya-
angadi, Tribhuvanamadevi -Perangadi at Tanjavur and Ponnamaraiyar –
Angadi. There was well planned irrigation system during the reign of Aditya -
II Karikala. With regard to the weights and measures of grains, land and
liquids, there are different terms in the epigraphs of Aditya- II Karikala.
Yet another notable feature of his period is existence of various types of
land such as Abisheka Dakshanai, Bhattavirtti, Brahmadeyam, Devadana,
Devadana Brahmadeya, Iraiyili, Kudinikki / Irainikki bhoomi, Erippatti,
Sarvabogam, Salabogam, Kaduvetti Tiruthina Bhoomi, Aathi seruvu,
Pallaservu and Kudikadu, Nattam, Patti, Nancey / Puncey and Kanru Meyyai
Udumpodi Aamai thavalantha Nilam. The study also highlights the land
transactions such as sale and purchase of land. It also refers to various kinds of
documents such as Avanam, Sasanam, Nilavilai Avanam, Panku villaiyavanam,
Poovilai Avanam, Adaolai and Agreements such as ‘Opantham’, ‘Vinappam’
and ‘Nivatham’.
The reign of Aditya- II Karikala also referred to the various
endowments related to land, lamp, lamp stand, sheep, gold, money, garden,
vessels and cloths, grains and liquids for providing lamp to the temple, for
feeding, for flower gardens, for specific festivals and daily pujas, for artisans,
for education, for art and for general purposes.
As far as the temples and hero stones are concerned, the study brings
to light nearly eight renowned temples, pertaining to Aditya- II Karikala, on the
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basis of the earlier epigraphs whereas so far only two or three temples were
assigned to him. The study of the architectural feature of Aditya- II Karikala’s
Temple at Punjai, prompted the Researcher to conclude that this temple was the
prototype for the construction of Rajarajeswaram Temple at Thanjavur by Raja
Raja I. The survey at Theyyar revealed a sculpture of Chandikesvara, buried in
earth and both Siva and Vishnu temple in the village are assigned to Aditya- II
Karikala. Likewise the field survey at Pudukudi at Thanjavur also revealed that
the Siva temple in the village pertaining to Aditya- II Karikala. Apart from the
architectural features of the temples the sculptural depictions and bronzes are
also narrated. As far as the pujas and festivals are concerned, the study brings
to
light
several
pujas
and
festivals
such
as
Avitta
Tirunal,
Tiruppalliyezhuchchi, Thirumanjanam, Chittirai Uttaraditta day, Vaigasi
festival, Thiruvadirai Karthigai festival and Tai Pusam festival.
The field survey at Chettithangal, revealed one unreported Hero Stone
(head offering stone). The field survey at Vengattur brought to light the buried
and damaged condition of four hero stones of Aditya-II Karikala and the same
was highlighted in Thinathanthi Newspaper based in Vellore. It was also
reported to the Archaeology Department in order to persuade them to preserve
these hero stones in the Museum. Further the study narrates the features of
heroes depicted in the stones.
Thus this Thesis is a result of elaborate study of Aditya- II Karikala,
covering the significant role of Yuvaraja, in the history of Imperial Cholas. It is
concluded that though Aditya- II Karikala was a Crown Prince and
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Co-Ruler of Sundra Chola Parantaka- II, he acted almost equivalent to the
King, in all spheres of political, administrative, socio-economic and religious
activities, within a short period of six years.
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