World meteorological organization

STATIONS OPERATED BY ARGENTINA Met ABSN ABCN GCOS

88963 BASE ESPERANZA M S S S

88968 BASE ORCADAS M S S S

89034 BASE BELGRANO II C S S

89053 BASE JUBANY M S S

89055 BASE MARAMBIO (CENTRO MET. ANTARTICO) M SU SU SU

89066 BASE SAN MARTIN M S S

STATIONS OPERATED BY AUSTRALIA

89564 MAWSON M SU SU SU

89568 LAMBERT GLACIER BASIN, LGB 35 A S

89571 DAVIS M SU SU SU

89576 LGB 69 A S

89610 CASEY (POINSETT) A S

89611 CASEY M SU SU SU

89612 CASEY AIRSTRIP AWS 2 A S

89614 CASEY (PETERSON) A S

89618 CASEY (HALFWAY) A S

89757 MAWSON (LGB 20 AWS) A S S

89758 MAWSON (LGB 10 AWS) A S

89762 MAWSON (LGB 00 GE 03 AWS) A S

89767 AMERY ICE SHELF A S

89774 DAVIS (LGB 59 AWS) A S

89803 WILKES LAND, GF 08 AWS A S

89811 LAW DOME SUMMIT A S

89812 AO28 AWS, SOUTH OF LAW DOME A S

89813 WILKES LAND, GC 41 AWS A S

89816 LAW DOME SUMMIT SOUTH A

STATIONS OPERATED BY BRAZIL

89250 KING GEORGE ISLAND A

89253 JOINVILLE ISLAND A

89263 BISCOE ISLAND A

STATIONS OPERATED BY CHILE

88958 CARVAHAL MNO

89056 CENTRO MET.ANTARTICO "PDTE.EDUARDO FREI" M S S S

89057 BASE ARTURO PRAT M S S

89059 BASE BERNARDO O'HIGGINS M S S

PATRIOT HILLS MNO

STATIONS OPERATED BY CHINA

89058 GREAT WALL M S S

89573 ZHONGSHAN M S S S

STATIONS OPERATED BY FINLAND

89014 NORDENSKIOLD BASE A S

STATIONS OPERATED BY FRANCE

89642 DUMONT D'URVILLE M SU SU SU

STATIONS OPERATED BY GERMANY

89002 NEUMAYER M SU SU SU

89214 DRESCHER A

STATIONS OPERATED BY INDIA

89514 MAITRI M S S

STATIONS OPERATED BY ITALY

89661 CAPE PHILLIPS A

89662 BASE BAIA TERRA NOVA AMOU S S

89666 CAPE ROSS A

STATIONS OPERATED BY JAPAN

89374 DOME FUJI AN

89532 SYOWA M SU SU SU

STATIONS OPERATED BY THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA

89251 KING SEJONG AWS M S

STATIONS OPERATED BY THE NETHERLANDS

BERKNER ISLAND AN

STATIONS OPERATED BY NEW ZEALAND

89665 SCOTT BASE MN

STATIONS OPERATED BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

89050 BELLINGSHAUSEN M S S S

89512 NOVOLAZAREVSKAJA M SU SU SU

89574 PROGRESS S S

89592 MIRNYJ M SU SU SU

89606 VOSTOK M S S S

STATIONS OPERATED BY SOUTH AFRICA

89004 S.A.N.A.E. AWS A S

STATIONS OPERATED BY SPAIN

89064 JUAN CARLOS 1 AWS A S S

STATIONS OPERATED BY UKRAINE

89063 VERNADSKY M S S S

STATIONS OPERATED BY THE UNITED KINGDOM

89022 HALLEY M SU SU SU

89062 ROTHERA M SU SU S

89065 FOSSIL BLUFF AMO S S

STATIONS OPERATED BY URUGUAY

89054 DINAMET-URUGUAY M S S

STATIONS OPERATED BY THE USA

89009 AMUNDSEN-SCOTT M SU SU SU

89061 PALMER STATION M S

89664 MCMURDO M SU SU SU

STATIONS OPERATED BY THE USA (UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN)

89108 UNIV. WI ID 8985 (HENRY) A S

89208 UNIV. WI ID 8987 (CLEAN AIR) A S

89257 UNIV. WI ID 8925 (LIMBERT ) A S

89261 UNIV. WI ID 8947 (RACER ROCK) A S

89262 UNIV. WI ID 8926 (LARSEN ICE SHELF) A S S

89264 UNIV. WI ID 8920 (URANUS GLACIER) A S

89266 UNIV. WI ID 8902 (BUTLER ISLAND) A S S

89272 UNIV. WI ID 8917 (SKY-BLU) A S S

89314 UNIV. WI ID 21358 (THERESA) A S

89324 UNIV. WI ID 8903 (BYRD STATION) A S S

89327 UNIV. WI ID 8981 (MOUNT SIPLE) A S S

89332 UNIV. WI ID 21361 (ELIZABETH) A S

89345 UNIV. WI ID 8900 (SIPLE DOME) A S S

89376 UNIV. WI ID 8911 (GILL) A S

89377 UNIV. WI ID 8908 (LETTAU) A S S

89528 UNIV. WI ID 20654 (AGO-3) A

89637 UNIV. WI ID 8863 (AGO-6) A

89667 UNIV. WI ID 8927 (PEGASUS NORTH) A S

89744 UNIV. WI ID 8918 (RELAY STAT) A S

89768 UNIV. WI ID 21360 (MINNA BLUFF) A

89769 UNIV. WI ID 8919 (LINDA) A

89799 UNIV. WI ID 8924 (NICO) A S

89828 UNIV. WI ID 8989 (DOME C II) A S S

89834 UNIV. WI ID 8916 (D-47) A S

89847 UNIV. WI ID 8929 (PENGUIN POINT) A

89864 UNIV. WI ID 8905 (MANUELA) A S

89866 UNIV. WI ID 8906 (MARBLE POINT) A S

89868 UNIV. WI ID 8913 (SCHWERDTFEGER) A S

89869 UNIV. WI ID 8931 (MARILYN) A S

89873 UNIV. WI ID 8915 (ELAINE) A S

89879 UNIV. WI ID 8984 (POSSESSION IS.) A S S

Note:

1. 
   This list was compiled from information supplied at the meeting, from bulletins currently on the GTS and from information given in SCAR bulletins.
   
2. 
   A = AWS, C = Currently closed, O = Summer only, M = Manned, N = Not on GTS, S = Surface, U = Upper air.
   

RUSSIAN STUDIES OF SUBGLACIAL LAKE VOSTOK, ANTARCTICA

Prepared by V. Lipenkov, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St.Petersburg, Russia.
Deep drilling and ice core study at the Russian Vostok Station was initiated in 1970 by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition. Since 1989, it has been carried out as a joint Russia-France-USA project. The project was successfully completed in 1998 when the borehole at Vostok had reached a depth of 3623 m. The upper 3300-m section of the Vostok ice core contains valuable information that allows reconstruction of climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years. The confirmation of the existence of a giant lake under the drilling site followed by the recovery of lake ice have given a new impulse to Vostok ice core studies and have generated a great deal of scientific and public discussion and speculation about origin, nature and fate of the subglacial lake and associated ecosystem.
To understand Lake Vostok system a better knowledge of lake physiography and morphology including information on lake size and bathymetry, the thickness of the water column and ice cover, and the origin and distribution of lake sediments is needed. With this in mind, the Russian Antarctic Expedition implemented in 1999-2002 an extensive field program for mapping the ice sheet, sub-ice water body, and lake sediments in the Lake Vostok region. This work has been carried out by means of ground traverses equipped with radar-echo and seismic sounding facilities. The total length of the geophysical profiles done in 1999-2002 exceeded 2500 km. As a result of these large-scale field works, the major morphological features of subglacial lake have been established.
The lower 85 m of the Vostok core comprises ice refrozen from lake water. While the lake entry associated with the water and sediment samples return are considered to be an ultimate goal of Lake Vostok international exploration, the study of the accretion ice core already recovered at Vostok is the primary way to increase our understanding of subglacial lake prior to actual lake entry. Study of bacterial life in the accretion ice requires a stringent decontamination procedure suitable for the extremely low level of microbial cells and DNA detected. A unique consortium of three lake indigenous thermophilic bacteria was detected by 16S ribosomal DNA analysis in the deep accretion ice sample. These findings suggest a recent hydrothermal circulation at the bottom of Lake Vostok.
In the future, physical chemical and biological properties of Lake Vostok will be studied directly on the samples of sub-ice water and lake sediments that will be retrieved during anticipated lake entry. Recognizing that minimum disturbance of the lake must be fundamental considerations in the subglacial lake entry program and execution, Russian scientists have developed a non-contaminating procedure for lake entry and sub-ice water sampling.
It is planned that the second stage of the Russian project “Exploration of subglacial Lake Vostok” (2003-2007) will include the following activities:
- the geophysical remote surveys will be continued in the northern part of Lake Vostok in order to establish the glacial and tectonic setting of the lake.

- the drilling of hole 5G at Vostok will be resumed. It is expected that an additional 50 meters of accretion ice will be retrieved from the depths 3623-3673 m.

- the biological and chemical analyses of lake ice will be continued on the newly obtained ice core in order to determine the identity and diversity of life forms as well as the conditions that support them in the lake.