548
teşkilâtlandırılmıştır. 1936 yılından itibaren Özbekistan’a bağlı bir özerk cumhuriyet
olmuştur.
1917 yılında başlayan Sovyet yönetim düzenine göre Karakalpakların
yaşadıkları bölgeler pamuk tarımı için kullanılmıştır. Pamuk tarımı yapılırken
çevreye önem verilmemiştir. Ormanlar yok edilmiş, Amuderya’nın suyu
pisletilmiştir. Karakalpakistan’da kurulan fabrikalar sadece pamuk tarımına yönelik
olmuştur. Amuderya’nın suyunun tarımda aşırı kullanılması Aral Gölü’ne dökülen
suyun azalmasına neden olmuştur. Aral Gölü suyunun azalması da günümüzde
ekolojik bir felâketin doğmasına neden olmuştur. Sovyet iktidarı zamanında yapılan
baskı ve yok etme politikaları Karakalpakistan’da hiç tavizsiz uygulanmıştır.
31 Ağustos 1991 tarihinde Özbekistan ve Karakalpakistan’ın bağımsızlığını
ilân etmesiyle yeni bir dönem ve yeni bir tarihin başlangıcı olmuştur.
Karakalpakistan kendi anayasası, bayrağı, marşı vb. egemenlik alametleriyle dünya
coğrafyasındaki yerini almıştır. Bağımsızlıktan sonra yeniden oluşum politikaları
çerçevesinde reform hareketleri planlanarak yapılmıştır. Ekonomik alanda yapılan
reformlar çerçevesinde pazar ekonomisi kuralları benimsenmiştir. Pazar ekonomisi
kuralları gereğince özelleştirmeye önem verilmiş ve dış yatırımların artması için çaba
gösterilmiştir. Özel mülkiyete önem verilmiştir.
Manevî alanda eskiden var olan yasaklar kaldırılmıştır. Dinî özgürlük
sağlanmıştır. Halkın gelenekleri, görenekleri, örf ve âdetlerini serbestçe
yaşayabilmesi amacıyla imkânlar tanınmıştır. Devletin millî bir ideolojisinin
oluşması amacıyla vatan sevgisi, bağımsızlık, büyüklere saygı temaları sıkça
işlenmiştir. Eğitim alanında yeni usul okullar açılmıştır. Yeni liseler ve akademiler
kurularak dünya düzeyinde eğitim verilmeye başlanmıştır. Sanat ve tiyatro alanında
Alpamıs, Emîr Timur vd. destanlardan tiyatro ve opera eserleri yapılmıştır.
Uluslararası alanda ise dünya örgütlerine üye olunmuş ve her ülkeyle menfaatler
çerçevesinde ilişki politikasına uygun olarak hareket edilmiştir. XXI. yüzyılın
eşiğindeki Karakalpakistan özgürce nefes alabilme imkânıyla geleceğe umutla
bakmaktadır.
549
SUMMARY
Karakalpaks, from 2003 are the Turkic community which mostly lives in
Karakalpakistan Autonomous Republic, which in turn is connected to Uzbekistan
Republic. Today in the world their whole population is nearly 700.000. The origin of
this Turkish clan, the name of which is Karakalpak, goes back to XVI
th
century. In
the XVI
th
century with the ruin of Nogay Khanate the Turkish clans started moving
to the east. When they came to Aral Sea and Sırderya River the other Turkish clans
gave them the name “Karakalpaklılar” due to their black hats. As time went by,
Karakalpaklılar mixed with Kazak, Turkmen, Uzbek and other Turkish clans who
were living in this area, and finished their formation. Between the XVI-XIX
th
centuries they sometimes were under the dominance of their own rules and
sometimes under the dominance in this area. They had to accept the Russian
dominance in 1873 after Russian Czardom occupied the Khiva Khanate. The
Russians divided the Karakalpaks area into two after the occupation of Khiva
Khanate in 1873 and after the Gendimian pact.
The North of the Amuderya River was given under the rule of Russia
Czardom. And the South parts were left to Khiva Khanate. The North of Amuderya
River (area on the right) was bounded to Turkistan Military governorship in Sırderya
Region. The region where Karakalpaks lived from now on was called Amuderya
Part. Between 1873–1917 the national culture, economy, goverment, social and civil
codes of Karakalpaks were under the Russian control. None of their national
demands were taken into consideration.
In October 1917 as the result of the Revolution started by the Bolsheviks
Russia Czardom collapsed. Consequently, the new totalitarian system was founded.
In the regions where Bolsheviks were dominant the goverments were broken into
pieces, different kinds of prohibition were put upon the people. The Turkish, as small
goverments were made enemies to each other. Karakalpaks stayed inside the region
named especially for them as Karakalpakistan Autonomous Region. In this way, the
government system of Karakalpakistan, which was destroyed by the Russia Czardom
in 1873, was established again. Even though this government became an autonomous
region in Kazakistan SSR in 1924, in 1930 it was bounded to Russian Federation.
550
However, in 1932 their administration autonomy turned to be political autonomy,
and they were founded again under the name Karakalpakistan Autonomous Republic.
In 1936 it became an Autonomous Republic bounded to Uzbekistan.
With the begining of the Soviet regime in 1917 the regions where
Karakalpaks lived were used for cotton agriculture. This led to the lack of
importance given to the environment. The forests were destroyed, the Amuderya
river was polluted. The factories built in Karakalpakistan were only for cotton
agriculture. Due to the excessive usage of the water of Amuderya River for
agriculture, less water flowed to Aral Sea. This in turn caused the origination of
ecological disaster in the area nowadays. The pressure and destruction politics
applied during the Soviet government were used without concession in
Karakalpakistan with the announcement of independence in Uzbekistan and
Karakalpakistan on the 31
st
of August in 1991 there satarted a new period and a new
history. Karakalpakistan took its place in the world geography with its own
constitution, flag, and hymn which are the signs of sovereignty. After getting the
independence the reformation was done according to the plan and started as a part of
the new formation politics. The reforms done in the economy field have appropriated
the market economy rules. As the rules of market economy reguired, the importance
was given to privatization and some efforts were done to increase the foreign
investment. Moreover, the importance was given to the private belongings.
The prohibitions thet were applied in regards to morality were taken out. The
religious freedom was applied. There were some chances fort he people to have their
traditions and freely live according to them. In order to form a national ideology in
the government such topics as patriotism, independence, respect fort he elder were
frequently dealt with. In the field of education new schools were founded. By
founding new high schools and academies the education was provided at the world
wide level. In the field of arts and theatre such epics as Alpamıs, Emîr Timur and
others were turned in to plays. As regards the members of world organisations and
behaved according to their interests. Standing at the doorstep to the XXI
th
century
Karakalpakistan looks into the future with the hope of having a chance to breathe
freely.
552
SAHA (YAKUT)
Yakutsk
Aşağı
Tunguska
K z l
ı ı
Angora
Yirkut
Bulgan
Baykal
Gölü
23
23
23
32
30
31
33
34
29
24
28
27
11
11
11
11
11
12
40
40
41
14
Azak
Denizi
2
2
2
2
1
19
Karaçay-Çerkes
16
16
16
35
35
38
5
Cidde
Mekke
Şiraz
Herat
Duşanbe
Kunduz
AFGANİSTAN
PAKİSTAN
SİNCAN UYGUR ÖZERK BÖLGESİ
BAĞIMSIZ TÜRK DEVLETLERİ
DEVLET SINIRI
MUHTAR CUMHURİYET ve EYALET SINIRI
MUHTAR OLMAYAN TÜRK DEVLETLERİ
BAĞIMSIZ TÜRK DEVLETLERİ
MUHTAR CUMHURİYETLER
ÇİN HALK CUMHURİYETİ
1.AZERBAYCAN C.
2.KAZAKİSTAN C.
3.KIRGIZİSTAN C.
4.KKTC
5.ÖZBEKİSTAN
6.TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ
7.TÜRKMENİSTAN C.
KISALTMALAR:
ARNAVUTLUK
AVUSTURYA
AZERBAYCAN
BUGARİSTAN
MACARİSTAN
MAKEDONYA
HIRVATİSTAN
NAHCİVAN, :SIRBİSTAN - KARADAĞ
(ARN.:
, AVUS.:
, AZR.:
, BUL.:
, MACAR.:
, MAK.:
, HIRV.:
, NAHC.:
SIRP-KA.
BAKÛ
ASTANA
BİŞKEK
LEFKOŞA
TAŞKENT
ANKARA
AŞKABAT
1.BAŞKURDİSTAN M.C.
2.ÇUVAŞİSTAN M.C.
3.DAĞISTAN M.C.
4.TATARİSTAN M.C
5.KABARDA - BALKAR
6.KARAKALPAKİSTAN M.C.
7.NAHCİVAN M.C.
Ufa
Çeboksarı
Mahaçkale
Kazan
Nalçik
Nökis
Nahcivan
9.
10.
1.DAĞLIK ALTAY M.V.
2.HAKAS M.V.
3.KARAÇAY - ÇERKES M.V.
8.SAHA (YAKUT) M.C
SİNCAN UYGUR ÖZERK BÖLGESİ
TUVA M.C.
MUHTAR VİLAYETLER
Yakutsk
Kızıl
Urumçi
Gornoaltay
Abakan
Çerkesk
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
Kaşgar
Tarım
SİNCAN UYGUR
ÖZERK BÖLGESİ
Turfan
Suco
Urumçi
Bayan
MOĞOLİSTAN
Bişkek
Aşk
aba
t
TÜ
RK
M
EN
İST
AN
KIR
GIZ
İST
AN
39
7
7
5
4
15
8
7
5
6
6
4
4
9
9
10
36
36
22
21
20
17
42
42
42
Berlin
Prag
42
13
13
13
26
MUHTAR CUMHURİYETİ
İİ
OH
OTS
K
D
E
N
Z
Çulım
BAŞKURDİSTAN
Çeboksarı
RUSYA FEDERASYONU
NORVEÇ
İSVEÇ
ALMANYA
FR
AN
S
A
BELÇİKA
POLONYA
ÇEK
CUMH.
Kazan
TATARİSTAN
M.C.
ÇUVAŞİSTAN
M.C.
M.C.
Ufa
K A Z A K İ S T A N
ABAKAN
TUVA M.C.
KOBDO
Astana
Tobol
Moskova
Minsk
Kiev
Krakovi
Komrat
YUN.
Saraybosna
MACAR.
ROMANYA
Bükreş
Kuban
Ankara
TÜRKİYE
SURİYE
Şam
ÜRDÜN
ÜRDÜN
Erbil
Kerkük
Bağdat
Tahran
İRAN
KI
Z
IL
D
EN
İZ
BASRA
KÖRFEZİ
IRAK
SUUDİ
ARABİSTAN
H
a
za
r
D
e
n
iz
i
A r a l
G ö l ü
B a l k a ş
G ö l ü
AZR.
D
A
Ğ
IS
TA
N
KKTC
K
A
R
A
D
E
N
İ
Z
A
K
D
E
N
İ Z
BUL.
SI
R
P
-K
A
.
AVUS.
Viyana
UKRAYNA
BALT
IK D
ENİZ
İ
KUZEY BUZ DENİZİ
BEYAZ
RUSYA
FİNLANDİYA
ALTAY
TACİKİSTAN
Taşkent
K
AR
AK
A
LP
A
K
İS
TA
N
M
.C
.
Bakû
G
Ü
R
C
İS
T
A
N
Nalçik
Nahc.
Bahçesaray
37
BOSNA
HERSEK
HIRV.
Budapeşte
Sa
nc
ak
MAK.
Üsküp
A
R
N
V.
Belgrad
Sofya
3
MOLDOVA
Atina
SLOVAK
CUMH.
İSVİÇRE
HOLLANDA
LİT
VA
NY
A
LE
TO
NY
A
ES
TO
NY
A
BARNAUL
25
Gornoaltay Hakas
ALTAY
M.V.
ÖZ
BE
KİS
TA
N
Nökis
Dostları ilə paylaş: |