Globalisering og motstand: Kontekstuelle case Kristian Stokke



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Globalisering og motstand: Kontekstuelle case

  • Kristian Stokke

  • kristian.stokke@sgeo.uio.no


Framvekst av sosiale bevegelser



Strukturelle årsaker til mobilisering

  • Nye sosiale formasjoner  “Nye” sosiale bevegelser

    • Industrikapitalisme  Arbeiderbevegelser
    • Postindustrielt samfunn  Nye sosiale bevegelser


Kollektiv identitet / Mobiliseringsstruktur



Symbolsk kamp

  • Konstruering av kollektiv identitet

    • Prosess som gjør at kollektive aktører kan definere/gjenkjenne seg selv og bli definert/gjenkjent av andre (konstruksjoner av grenser mellom ”vi” og ”de andre”)
    • Identitet skaper kontinuitet over tid (synlige og latente faser i en sosial bevegelse)
  • Politisering av interesser og saker

    • Refortolkning av ”naturlig” fenomen som sosiale og politiske problemer
    • Identifisering av de som rammes av problemene og de som er ansvarlige. Identifisering av alternativer
  • Symbolsk kontestering

    • Kamp om retten til å representere en gruppe og dens interesser
    • Forhandlinger og justeringer mellom de som representerer og de som blir representert


Multi-scale and Diffuse Governance



Democratic Deficits and Spaces



Zapatistbevegelsen i Mexico



Politisk Islamisme



South Africa: Promising preconditions

  • But also major hurdles for social justice

  • Shift to neo-liberal economic policies with dramatic economic restructuring

  • Local developmental states but limited political capacity, cost recovery for municipal services

  • Persistent and probably increasing relative and absolute poverty

  • Cooptation and depoliticisation of popular forces



Changing state / civil society relations



Strategies of activism

  • The institutional route (lobbying)

      • COSATU
  • The NGO route (provisioning)

      • Homeless People’s Federation
  • The legal route (legal action)

  • The movement route (public protest)

      • Anti-Eviction Campaign


Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU)

  • Political context

    • Tripartite alliance: ANC, SACP, COSATU
  • Strategies: Negotiations and mobilisation

    • Political negotiations within alliance
    • Mobilisation of workers (political strikes)
  • Resources

    • Mass mobilisation
    • Political access
    • Organisational capacity
    • Class ideology and consciousness


South African Homeless People’s Federation

  • Political context

  • Strategies: Community mobilisation and NGO role

    • Savings groups and housing construction
    • State resource mobilisation (housing subsidies, uTshani)
  • Resources and achievments

    • Non-partisan, but flexible political alliances
    • Community basis and mobilisation
    • Alliance with People’s Dialogue (professional NGO)
    • Houses built + reformed state housing strategy (”people-driven housing process”)


Treatment Action Campaign

  • Political context

  • Strategies

    • Mass mobilisation, political negotiations and legal action
    • HIV/AIDS-treatment (nevirapine) for pregnant women
    • Problematic field, also because it asks for budget and distribution questions to be decided in the courts
  • Resources and achievements

    • Substantive organisational, economic and political resources
    • Favourable court rulings regarding treatment plan
    • Problematic implementation, continued need for mass mobilisation


Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign

  • Political context

    • Municipal cost recovery policies
    • Rights to shelter and basic public services
  • Strategies

    • Mass mobilisation, political negotiations and legal action
  • Resources

    • Limited organisational and political access
    • Problems of fragmentation: Local militant mobilisation
      • The local nature of the mobilizing issues combined with the decentralized delivery of development and public services, make the new activism highly localized.
      • While the anti-apartheid struggle combined local struggles with a coordinated and ideological program of overthrowing the apartheid regime, the new movements have often been issue-based and fragmented with limited capacity to build a movement that can effectively challenge national policy-making processes


Local Social Movement Unionism?

  • Labour unions

    • Against privatisation of state enterprises
  • Social movements

    • Against privatisation of public services (water, electricity, housing)
  • Organisational and political constraints



Post-Apartheid Movement Politics

  • South African experiences demonstrate the importance of civil society activism within the political spaces of the democratic state, but also the problems of fragmentation and political exclusion of popular forces in local issue-based struggles.



Main points

  • Need to examine movement politics contextually

  • Analyse combination of political space and movement strategies in regard to these spaces



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