Glossary of the key notions in Bionics and beyond

Heat capacity → C=δq/dT, where C is the ~, δq is the heat absorbed by the system and dT is the change of the temperature of the system. It characterizes the ability of the system to absorb heat without temperature change.

Heat of combustion → The ~ (or the heat of the reaction) when 1 mole of a substance reacts with an excess of gaseous oxygen to convert all carbon atoms to carbon dioxide and all hydrogen atoms to water, at a constant pressure.

Hebbian learning → Hebbian theory describes a basic mechanism for synaptic plasticity where an increase in synaptic efficacy arises from the presynaptic cell’s repeated and persistent stimulation of the postsynaptic cell.

Hebb’s rule → The ~ describes a basic mechanism for synaptic plasticity wherein an increase in synaptic efficacy arises from the presynaptic cell’s repeated and persistent stimulation of the postsynaptic cell.

Heisenberg → Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976) was a German theoretical physicist who made foundational contributions to quantum mechanics and is best known for asserting the uncertainty principle of quantum theory. In addition, he made important contributions to nuclear physics, quantum field theory, and particle physics.

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle → The ~ states by precise inequalities that certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, cannot be simultaneously known to arbitrarily high precision. That is, the more precisely one property is measured, the less precisely the other can be measured.

Helix → A geometrical space curve described by a simultaneous rotating and translation.

Helmholtz free energy (F) → A state function. Mathematically F=U-TS, where F is the free energy, U is the internal energy, S is the entropy and T is the temperature. The equilibrium of a system at constant temperature and volume is characterized by the minimum of the ~.

Hemidystonia → Affects an arm and a leg on the same side of the body

Henneman’s size principle → Small motor units activate at first when some movement is carried out and by increasing the voluntary effort, more and bigger motor units will be activated.

Henry’s law → p₂=x₂ K₂ where p2 is the vapour pressure, x₂ is the mole fraction of the solute and K₂ is an empirical constant of pressure dimension.

Hermite polynomials → They are polynomials which satisfy the Hn(x)=(-1)n exp(x2) dn/dxn exp(-x2) differential equation. They appears in the wave function of a harmonic oscillator.

Hertz → Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857–1894) was a German physicist who clarified and expanded the electromagnetic theory of light that had been put forth by Maxwell.

Hertz dipole → ~ (elementary doublet) is the ideal (cannot be physically constructed because the current needs somewhere to come from and somewhere to go to) concept which represents the basis of the theory about antennas. It is a small length of conductor (small compared to the wavelength) carrying an alternating current

Heteroaromatic compounds: → ~ are cyclic compounds having the characteristics of an aromatic compound whilst having at least one non-carbon atom in the ring

Heteroatom → ~ is an atom in an organic compound other than carbon and hydrogen.

Heterocyclic compounds → ~ are cyclic compounds having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements.

Heterosynaptic depression → A persistent activity-dependent decrease in synaptic efficacy between neurons, that involves interactions between synapses.

Heuristic model → Heuristic (Εύρίσκω, find/discover) refers to experience-based techniques for problem solving, learning, and discovery. Heuristic methods are used to speed up the process of finding a good enough solution, where an exhaustive search is impractical.

Hexadecimal code → The ~ contains 16 code words, hence its name. Its 4 bits in a binary code, it contains all 16 possible combinations. After 9, the number series is continued with the letters of the alphabet.

Hidden Markov model → Statistical Markov model in which the system being modeled is assumed to be a Markov process with unobserved (hidden) states

Hierarchical clastering → It groups the instances into embedded groups

Hierarchy of experimental frames → A scheme for deriving experimental frame specifications for carrying out simulation experiments with hierarchical, modular models: the distributed architecture facilitates attachments of frame components to model simulators at different levels of the model hierarchy.

Hierarchy of models → Hierarchy (Greek εραρχία, derived from ερός ~ sacred, and ρχω ~ rule) is a system of ranking and organizing things, where each element of the system (except for the top element) is subordinate to a single other element.

High pass filter → It is a filter that passes high frequencies well but attenuates signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency.

High temperature radiating → Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of charged particles in matter. All matter with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits thermal radiation.

High-frequency ECG (HFECG) → Additional information in the 150-250 Hz band.

High-frequency TMS (rapid-rate TMS) → Repetition rate above 1 Hz.

High-pass filter → A ~ is a device that passes high frequencies well but attenuates frequencies lower than the filter’s cutoff frequency. Also called low-cut filter.

Highpass filter → It allows high frequencies to pass through and blocks low frequencies.

Hill equation → ν=(n·K_a·[A]^x)/(1+n·K_a·[A]^x) where n is the number of binding sites, K_a is the association constant and x is the cooperativity

Hill plot → A quasi linear plot helping us to obtain the cooperativity, x.

His-Bundle Electrogram (HBE) → Intracardiac electrogram from near the right atrioventricular valve.

Hodgkin-Huxley model → The ~ describes the behavior of voltage-gated channels, and explains how action potentials in neurons are initiated and propagated. It is a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations that approximates the electrical characteristics of neurons and other electrically excitable cells.

Hold time → ~ is needed for the FFs to store the information

Holding potential → Refers to the target membrane potential value during voltage clamp.

Hole → The concept describes the lack of an electron at a position where one could exist in an atom (an electron is excited into a higher state it leaves a hole in its old state) or atomic lattice (band structure calculations lead to an effective mass for the charge carriers, which can be negative).

Holter ECG → This system records all heartbeats for 24 hours, and a computer system evaluates it. Thus, at any time during the day, an arrhythmia can be detected.

HOMO Highest (energy) occupied molecular orbital → The highest energy molecular orbital of a given ground state molecule where electron can be found. The next energy level orbital is empty. The HOMO - LUMO energy gap is descriptive of the excitability of themolecule.

Homocyclic compounds → ~ are cyclic compounds having as ring members atoms of the same element only, e.g. benzene, pentazole, cyclohexasilane.

Homogeneous → ~ (όμός meaning ‘same’) usually means describing a system that has the same properties at every point of the space; in other words, uniform without irregularities, or do not vary with position.

Homologous series → A ~ is a series of organic compounds with a similar general formula, possessing similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group, and shows a gradation in physical properties as a result of increase in molecular size and mass. Any two neighboring members of the series differ by a CH2 group from each other.

Homology → The quality of being similar or corresponding in position or value or structure or function. In evolutionary biology, ~ refers to any similarity between characteristics of organisms that is due to their shared ancestry.

Homosynaptic depression → A persistent activity-dependent decrease in synaptic efficacy between neurons, that does not involve interactions between synapses. It typically occurs following repeated low-frequency afferent stimulation, but it can be induced by other methods.

Homunculus → Proportional depiction of the body parts in a “little human” according to their representation in certain parts of the brain.

Hopf bifurcation → A ~ in which a fixed point of a dynamical system loses stability as a pair of complex conjugate eigenvalues of the linearization around the fixed point cross the imaginary axis of the complex plane.

Hopfield Neural Network → A well known recurrent neural network, which has only feedback connections.

Horizontal plane → A ~ is parallel to the ground (in standard Descartes coordinate system the XY plnae can be drawn as that).

Hormone → A molecule which carries signal from one cell to another trough the bloodstream or the extracellular space.

HSAB theory → Theory of hard and soft acids and bases

Humerus → The bone of the upper arm.

Hückel-Möbius rule (Hückel (4n + 2) rule) → Monocyclic planar (or almost planar) systems of trigonally (or sometimes digonally) hybridized atoms that contain (4n + 2) π-electrons (where n is a non-negative integer) will exhibit aromatic character. The rule is generally limited to n = 0–5. This rule is derived from the Hückel MO calculation on planar monocyclic conjugated hydrocarbons (CH)m where m is an integer equal to or greater than 3 according to which (4n + 2) π-electrons are contained in a closed-shell system.

Hybrid Brain-computer interface → A hybrid BCI is composed of one BCI and another system (which might be another BCI), and must achieve specific goals better than a conventional system.

Hybridization → ~ is the linear combination of atomic orbitals on an atom. Hybrid orbitals are often used in organic chemistry to describe the bonding molecules containing tetrahedral (sp 3), trigonal (sp 2) and digonal (sp) atoms.

Hydration (Solvation) → Any stabilizing interaction of a solute (or solute moiety) and the solvent or a similar interaction of solvent with groups of an insoluble material (i.e. the ionic groups of an ion-exchange resin). Such interactions generally involve electrostatic forces and van der Waals forces, as well as chemically more specific effects such as hydrogen bond formation.

Hydrocarbons → ~ are compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.

Hydrogen bond → An intermolecular attractive force between a hydrogen atom in a bond, and a highly electronegative atom

Hydrogen-bridge → ~ is an interaction formed between two electronegative elements where a hydrogen atom serves as a bridge. A hydrogen atom is bonded to an electronegative atom by a conventional covalent bond, and is loosely bonded to the second electronegative element by electrostatic (dipole–dipole) forces. The second electronegative atom withdraws electrons from the covalently bonded hydrogen atom attached to it, which results in a partial positive character of the hydrogen atom attracts electrons from the donating electronegative element.

Hydrolase → Enzyme catalyzing hydrolysis reactions.

Hydrophilic → Hydrophilicity refers to a physical property of a molecule that can transiently bond with water through hydrogen bonding. It is arising from the combining of Greek words ‘hydro’ (water) and ‘philia’ (bonding).

Hydrophobic → Hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule (known as a hydrophobe) that is repelled from a mass of water. It is arising from the combining of Greek words ‘hydro’ (water) and ‘phobos’ (fear).

Hydrophobic interaction → The tendency of hydrocarbons (or of lipophilic hydrocarbon-like groups in solutes) to form intermolecular aggregates in an aqueous medium, and analogous intramolecular interactions. The name arises from the attribution of the phenomenon to the apparent repulsion between water and hydrocarbons. However, the phenomenon ought to be attributed to the effect of the hydrocarbon-like groups on the water-water interaction.

Hydroxy carboxylic acids → ~ having the general formula RCH(OH)C(=O)OH, formally derived from an aldose by oxidation the terminal carbon atom to carboxyl group.

Hydroxylation → A reaction typically catalyzed by cytochrome P450 containing enzyme in which one of the atoms of molecular oxygen is inserted in a substrate molecule in the form of hydroxylic group. The reaction requires a reducing equivalent in the form of NADPH.

Hyperalgesia → Exaggerated pain in response to noxious stimuli.

Hyperchromic shift → ~ is the increase in the intensity of a spectral band due to substituents or interactions with the molecular environment.

Hyperconjugation → ~ is the interaction of σ-bonds (e.g. C–H, C–C, etc.) with a π network.

Hyperlipidemia → ~ is increased concentration of lipids in the blood

Hyperplane → Arbitrary dimensioned plane

Hypochromic shift → ~ is the decrease in the intensity of a spectral band due to substituents or interactions with the molecular environment.

Hypsochromic shift → ~ is a shift of a spectral band to higher frequency or shorter wavelength upon substitution or change in medium.

Hysteresis → In a system with ~ the output depends in part on the internal state of system and not only on its input. There is no way to predict the system’s output without looking at the history of the input. For example the afterhyperpolarization directly after removing a depolarizing input is a ~.

12. I

IBABP (Ileal Bile Acid Binding Protein) → An intracellular protein transfering bile acids in the cytosol of intestinal epithelial cells

IBAT (Ileal Bile Acid Transporter) → A protein in the apical membrane of the intestinal cells transfering bile acids from the lumen to the cytosol

Ictal → Referring to the period when an actual seizure takes place.

Ideal solution → Solution which satisfies Raoult’s law.

Identification → Modeling of an unknown system

IEF (Isoelectric focusing) → ~ is a laboratory method that separates proteins according to their charge.

IIR – infinite impulse response (filter) → a+B1101 sytem (filter) which has does not have a limited support of its impulse response function, the impulse response consist of infinately many elements

Illuminate → To provide or brighten with light.

Image acquisition time → Time required to carry out an MR imaging procedure comprising only the data acquisition time. The total ~ will be equal to the product of the repetition time, TR, the number of signals averaged, NSA, and the number of different signals (encoded for position) to be acquired for use in image reconstruction. The additional image reconstruction time will also be important to determine how quickly the image can be viewed. In comparing sequential plane imaging and volume imaging techniques, the equivalent ~ per slice must be considered as well as the actual ~.

Imaginary number → a special complex number, having no real part, a real multiple of the imaginary unit, denoted by i, whose square is -1.

Imaging devices → Imaging is the technique and process used to create images, As a discipline and in its widest sense, it is part of biological imaging and incorporates radiology (in the wider sense), nuclear medicine, investigative radiological sciences, endoscopy, (medical) thermography.

Imidazole → imidazole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, a five-membered ring with three carbon atoms and two nitrogens at positions 1 and3. (formula C3H4N2)

Imines → Imines are compounds having the structure RN=CR2. Thus analogues of aldehydes or ketones, having NR doubly bonded to carbon; aldimines have the structure RCH=NR, ketimines have the structure R’2C=NR.

Immunohistochemistry → A histological technique using antibodies to detect tissue antigens, and specific markers to visualise antibody-antigen complexes.

Impedance → Measure of opposition to alternating current

Implant → An ~ is a device that is placed in the body with surgery, is made from biocompatible material and has some well-defined function.

Implantable hearing device → An ~ is an implant developed to restore the hearing of people with different hearing disorders. Cochlear implants are the most widely used implantable hearing devices.

Impulse response function → ~ is the output of a dynamic system in response to a short signal.

Impurity → The property of semiconductors that makes them most useful for constructing electronic devices is that their conductivity may easily be modified by introducing impurities into their crystal lattice. The amount of impurity, or dopant, added to an intrinsic (pure) semiconductor varies its level of conductivity. The electrical conductivity may be varied not only by the number of impurity atoms but also, by the type of ~ atom

Inactivation → ~ is a process of the closing of gates by membrane depolarization in a voltage-gated ion channel.

Inactivation gate → Part of an ion channel that reacts to membrane potential change such that it allows the channel to open if the membrane is hyperpolarized.

In-Body Networks → It is a wireless network implanted inside a person. It would monitor the health, including “vital health signs, such as blood sugar levels,” according to the release.

InChi → The IUPAC International Chemical Identifier is a textual identifier for chemical substances, designed to provide a standard and human-readable way to encode molecular information and to facilitate the search for such information in databases and on the web.

Incident wave → It is a wave (of light) that strikes a surface. The angle between this ray and the perpendicular or normal to the surface is the angle of incidence. In general, the incident wave is partially refracted and partially reflected

Incus → The ~ is an anvil-shaped small bone in the middle ear and connects two other small bones, the malleus and the stapes. It transmits sound vibrations originating from the malleus to the stapes.

Independent BCI (Brain-Computer Interface) → In an ~ no muscle activity is required to produce the brain activity that is used for control.

Independent component analysis (ICA) → ~ analysis (ICA) is a computational method for separating a multivariate signal into additive subcomponents supposing the mutual statistical independence of the non-Gaussian source signals.

Indexed addressing mode → Indexed addressing should be applied in the case of operations on data sequences. Here, in the address part of the instruction, we find the address of the first element of the data sequence, and in the address register we can find the diversion from this, giving the information which element of the sequence should be used from the data sequence to do the given operation. In the case of some processors, there are other solutions, where the index register, after finding the data, automatically increases or decreases, and this way, the operation on the data sequence becomes easier. This is called autoindexing. The indexed addressing method is similar to the relative addressing, the real address is made by adding the address part of the instruction and the index register.

Indirect addressing mode → In the address part of the instruction, we do not find the address of the operand, but the address of the storage where the processor finds the address of the operand. In the case of some processors, this kind of addressing can be multilevel. For the indirect addressing, the processor can use the storage in the memory, or one of its registers.

Induce → Bring about or give rise to. To produce an electric current or a magnetic charge by induction.

Induced fit hypothesis → A model for substrate binding where a substrate induced conformation change for the proper fit takes place.

Induction (electronics) → Electromagnetic ~ the production of voltage across a conductor moving through a magnetic field (the magnetic lines of force are applying a force on the free electrons in the conductor and causing them to move). This is called ~ because there is no physical connection between the conductor and the magnet. The current is said to be induced in the conductor by the magnetic field. It underlies the operation of most other electrical machines. Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of the ~ phenomenon.

Inductive effect → ~ is the polarity induced in a covalent bond due to the difference in electronegativities of the bonded atoms. The ~ is an experimentally observable effect of the transmission of charge through a chain of atoms in a molecule by electrostatic induction. If the electronegative atom is then joined to a chain of atoms, usually carbon, the positive charge is relayed to the other atoms in the chain. This is the electron-withdrawing inductive effect, also known as the -I effect.Some groups, such as the alkyl group are less electron-withdrawing than hydrogen and are therefore considered as electron-releasing. This is electron releasing character is indicated by the +I effect.As the induced change in polarity is less than the original polarity, the ~ rapidly dies out, and is significant only over a short distance. The ~ is permanent but feeble, as it involves the shift of strongly held σ-bond electrons, and other stronger factors may overshadow this effect.

Inductive transducer → A unique potential solution that can be exploited is the use of inductors as transducers. This could be useful for dealing with docking and bonding problems.

Inductor → It is an electrical device that can store energy in a magnetic field

Inertia → ~ is the resistance of any physical object to a change in its state of motion or rest. It is represented numerically by an object’s mass.

Information Technology (IT) → It refers to anything related to computing technology.

Information theoretical capacity → Maximum number of quasy orthogonal patterns, with the network steady points are statically stable

InfraRed (IR) → ~ is an electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0.7 and 300 micrometres.

Infrared frequency → Infrared light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than that of visible light, measured from the 0.7 micrometres, and extending conventionally to 300 micrometres. These wavelengths correspond to a frequency range of approximately 430 to 1 THz, and include most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature. Microscopically, IR light is typically emitted or absorbed by molecules when they change their rotational-vibrational movements.