Honolulu Harbor Annual Report to David and Lucille Packard Foundation


Keehi Lagoon - Annotated Bibliography



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Keehi Lagoon - Annotated Bibliography
AECOS (1995). Final report: water quality for the Sand Island Marine Education and Training Center and Public Launch Facility, Ke'ehi Lagoon, Rep. No. AECOS 656. Hawaii State Dep. Bus. Econ. Devel. and Tourism Honolulu Waterfront Project, Honolulu.

Water quality parameters monitored at six stations in vicinity of proposed METC, at NW end of Sand Island, in waters of Ke'ehi lagoon and seaplane runway "D". Area was well mixed vertically and horizontally, and no impacts from METC construction activities were apparent.

Bathen, K. H. (1970). The circulation in Keehi Lagoon, Oahu, Hawaii, during July and August, 1968, Rep. No. 17. Haw. Inst. Mar. Biol., Honolulu.

The surface circulation was found to be strongly dependent upon the prevailing winds. A westward flow of surface water occurred in most areas of the lagoon except during periods of weak winds. The subsurface flow was strongly dependent on bathymetry. This flow was either to or from the lagoon whether a flooding or ebbing tide was in process. However, on the eastern side of the lagoon, the incoming transport was greater than the outgoing transport, particularly in a dredged ship channel that crosses the lagoon entrance reef. In contrast, the outgoing transport was greater than the incoming transport on the western side of the lagoon. These conditions result in a limited amount of daily flushing of the lagoon from the west to the east.

Chapman, G. A. (1979). Honolulu International Airport Reef Runway post construction environmental impact report. Vol. 1. Executive Summary. Hawaii State Dep. Transportation, Honolulu.

Summary of environmental impact studies on water circulation, water quality, benthos and fish, noise and birds post construction of reef runway. Overall, all were substantially improved or unaffected by the runway construction. Flushing of Keehi Lagoon was increased 25-35% by the channels dredged for the runway, and water quality improved by the increased flushing that resulted, as well as by removal offshore of the Sand Island sewage outfall. Dredged areas showed quick recovery of infaunal organisms and fish, and rapid habitation of new circulation channels and borrow pits formed by dredging. Although there was an irretrievable loss of over 500 ha of shallow reef by dredging and filling for the runway, the steep walls of the channels and barrow pits and the increased circulation permitted the establishment of complex marine communities in areas where stagnant conditions and low relief supported minimal populations of marine organisms.

Environmental Consultants Inc. (1977). Post construction water quality, benthic habitat and epifaunal survey for the reef runway, Honolulu International Airport. Ralph M. Parsons C., Honolulu.

Interim report for post construction surveys of impacts of reef runway construction on marine biota of Keehi Lagoon. Stations located in lagoon proper, outside of runway and in Hickam Harbor basin.

Environmental Consultants Inc. (1978). Marine environmental survey for the Ke'ehi Lagoon unauthorized landfill. U. S. Army Engineer Division , Pacific Ocean, Honolulu.

Measurements of soluble petrochemical concentrations (expressed as naphthalene and "asphalt" aromatic hydrocarbons and infaunal densities in sediments of northeast Keehi Lagoon in vicinity of Kalihi and Moanalua Stream mouths to beginning of seaplane runway. Result showed substantial oil contamination of sediments tha may have been leaching form the landfill but also suggested other sources such as drainage ditches. Sediments in northeast basin were almost entirely terrigenous, with a substantial portion of asphalt fragments worn form the shoreline. Predominant benthic habitat was mud bottom dominated by small oligochaetes and polychaetes by number, an alpheids and large polychaetes by biomass. Few attached invertebrates found along the shoreline of the landfill dominated by a single sponge species.

Environmental Consultants Inc. (1979). Post construction water quality, benthic habitat and epifaunal survey for the reef runway, Honolulu International Airport. Final Report. Water Quality. Ralph M. Parsons C., Honolulu.

Final report for post construction surveys of impacts of reef runway construction on water quality of Keehi Lagoon. Stations located in lagoon proper, outside of runway and in Hickam Harbor basin. Water quality in most areas surrounding the Reef Runway found to improve over conditions prior to construction, primarily due to increased flushing efficiencies resulting from reconfiguration of Keehi Lagoon and Hickam Harbor. Increased water transport thorough Honolulu Harbor had improved conditions in contiguous areas. This reflected by decreased turbidity, nutrient levels and chlorophyll concentrations throughout Keehi Lagoon.

Guinther, E. (1988). Biological reconnaissance surveys of selected areas in Ke'ehi Lagoon, O'ahu, Hawai'i. OI Consultants, Inc., Honolulu.

Survey of site at outer end of N-S Seaplane Runway "D" extending off Kalihi Channel. Scattered corals, abundant macroalgae and macroinvertebrates, few fish. Coral and fish abundances increase immediately west of the channel

Harvey, G. W., Palmer, R. Q., Walker, J. R., and Krishna Kartha, T. D. (1971). Plan to enhance water quality in Keehi Lagoon and ponds makai of proposed reef runway. Ralph M. Parsons Company, Honolulu.

Current studies and analysis for design of circulation channels to enhance water circulation and quality with the construction of the reef runway.

Noda, E. K. and Associates (1978). Post construction circulation study for the reef runway at Honolulu International Airport. Ralph M. Parsons Co., Honolulu.

Current studies and calculations to estimate flushing of Keehi Lagoon following construction of the Reef Runway and compare with pre-construction conditions. Flushing estimated to increase by 255 for tradewind conditions and 32% for light and variable winds. Ironically, flushing under light-variable winds exceeded tradewind flushing by about 50%. Flushing was much larger than the volume of a tidal prism, 31/2 to 51/2 times as much water than would be expected from a simple tidal prism transfer. Major portion of the water transferred in a flushing was between Keehi lagoon and Honolulu Harbor. In portions of Keehi Lagoon isolated from the main lagoon by runway construction, flushing was still high. Water exchanged between Hickam Harbor and the marine pond was about 14% on a tidal cycle. Between Hickam Harbor and the open ocean, about 26% of the total volume, or 2.24 times the tidal prism volume, was exchanged through the circulation channel.

OI Consultants Inc. (1986). Survey of the water quality, benthic habitat and infaunal populations for Keehi Lagoon, Hickam Harbor and marine pond, Honolulu International Airport. KFC Airport, Inc., Honolulu.

Follow-up study to 1979 post construction environmental assessments of effects of reef runway construction on circulation, water quality and biota of Keehi Lagoon. Water quality conditions were not different, with a few exceptions, from the 1978-78 post construction results. Any differences detected were not indicative of any pattern of degradation in overall water quality. Biotic communities were similar to previous conditions, with development of attached macrofauna, esp. sponges and the coral Pocillopora damicornis, which had become moderately common in 1986. Total results suggested an overall stability of the biotic community through time.

Parsons, R. M. Inc. (1975). Environmental impact statement for the proposed disposal of solid waste bales in Keehi Lagoon and the coast waters of Oahu. Honolulu Dep. Pub. Works, Honolulu.

EIS for disposal of solid waste bales in Keehi lagoon marine pond, within area enclosed by proposed Reef Runway and offshore of Hickam Golf Course.



Ala Wai Canal, Yacht Harbor and Kewalo Basin Annotated Bibliography

Brasfeild, C. W., and Chatham, C. E. (1967). Magic Island complex, including Kewalo basin and Ala Wai boat harbor, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii. U. S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Honolulu.

Hydraulic model for testing effect of filling shoreline between Ala Wai and Kewalo Basin to create beaches adjacent to Ala Moana Park and Magic island. Model indicated sufficient circulation to prevent stagnation of inner lagoon, but aggravation of unfavorable wave conditions existing in Kewalo Basin.

Calderone, P. A. (1971). A descriptive study of boat dwellers at the Ala Wai Yacht Harbor, Hawaii. Ph. D., Hawaii, Honolulu.

Narrative and socological analysis of lifestyles and views of residents of Ala Wai Yacht Harbor.

Cox, D., and Gordon, G., Jr. (1970). Estuarine pollution in the State of Hawaii. Vol. 1. Statewide survey, Rep. No. Tech. Report No. 31. Water Resources Research Center, Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu.

Description of formation of Ala Wai Canal, Yacht Harbor and Kewalo Basin by dredging in 1920s. Ala Wai Canal was dredge to drain marsh lands for mosquito control, and Yacht Harbor also constructed, but Ala Wai Channel was originally not dredged through the reef. Instead, channel was dredged along the Ala Moana shoreline to the Kewalo Basin and Channel, which were dredged at about the same time. The Ala Wai channel was later dredged in the 1950s and the shoreline channel filled at both ends.

Analyses performed in the 1960s indicated coliform concentrations ranging up to 70,000 MPN/100 in the Ala Wai canal and median of 2400 MPN/100ml in the yacht harbor. Kewalo Basin showed a median MPN of 2400/100ml and an upper value of 7000/100ml. However, cannery wastes that were disposed of into the Basin at that time were rerouted to the munipal sewer system by the 1970s.

Department, of Transportation (1974). Draft environmental impact statement: Ala Wai Boat Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii. Pacific Ocean Division, Corps of Engineers, Honolulu.

Description of planned expansion of Ala Wai Harbor by 78 berths and its anticipated impact. Limited biological information given.

Giles, M. L. (1975). Wave and current conditions for various modifications of Kewalo Basin, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii, Rep. No. H-75-15. U. S. Army Engineering Division, Pacific Ocean, Honolulu.

A 1:75 scale physical model was used to test several plans of improvement proposed to eliminate crosscurrents and breaking waves in the channel and undesirable wave action in Kewalo Basin. Determined that addition of a wave absorber along the sides of the entrance channel was the most effective means of reducing wave heights in the basin.

Gonzales, F. I. Jr. (1971). A descriptive study of the physical oceanography of the Ala Wai Canal, Rep. No. HIG-71-7. Hawaii Inst. Geophysics, Honolulu.

Circulation and the temperature-salinity structure of the Ala Wai Canal were measured Mar.-Dec. 1969. Heavy siltation has altered the original bathymetry of the canal into a channel, sill and basin region. Average silting rate on the sill was 20 cm/yr , renewal of water in the basin was infrequent, and anoxic conditions prevailed in the bottom meter of the average 2 m depth. Water had a minimum average residence time below the sill of at least four days. The Manoa-Palolo drainage was the principal source of high bacterial counts in the canal, although bacterial pollution from vessels in the Ala Wai Yacht Harbor was also a locally significant source.

Harbors Div. (1984). Environmental assessment, Kewalo Basin improvements, Honolulu, Hawaii. Hawaii State Department of Transportation, Honolulu.

Description of project to increase berthing capacity of Kewalo Basin from 122 to 191 berths by 2000. Very little information provided concerning existing environment or anticipated impacts.

Harris, C. L. (1972). Primary production in a small tropical estuary, Rep. No. HIG-75-7. Hawaii Inst. Geophysics, Honolulu.

Measurement of physical parameters, turbidity, particulate matter, chlorophyll and planktonic primary production at three stations in the Ala Wai Canal over 13 months in 1970-71 and occasionally at one station in Ala Wai Yacht Harbor. High production rates, high chlorophyll and particulate concentrations and turbidity decreased with approach to Yacht Harbor. Production primarily light limited except at Yacht Harbor. Percentage of suspended particulate matter that was living increased from 8% near Yacht Harbor to 30% at head of the canal.

Kusao, T. T. Inc. (1986). Environmental assessment report, Kewalo Basin landside improvements. Hawaii State Department of Transportation, Honolulu.

Description of land based activities associated with project to increase berthing capacity of Kewalo Basin from 122 to 191 berths by 2000. Virtually no information provided concerning existing environment or anticipated impacts.

Luoma, S. N. (1974). Aspects of the Dynamics of Mercury Cycling in a Small Hawaiian Estuary. Ph. D., Hawaii, Honolulu.

Three indicator species, Nereis succinea, Palaemon dibilis (deposit feeders) and Thalamita crenata (predator) used to study the environmental dynamics of mercury in the Ala Wai Canal. The deposit feeders concentrated mercury 160-310 times above its concentrations in seawater. However, the predator 's muscle tissue concentration of mercury never exceeded 26% of its concentration in food, indicating no food chain magnification of mercury at this trophic level. Sediments in Ala Wai showed no obvious pattern of temporal variation, however there was an obvious decrease in total mercury in the two detritus feeders between the rainy and the dry season.

Miller, J. M. (1975). Ecological studies of the biota of the Ala Wai Canal, Rep. No. 32. Hawaii Inst. Mar. Biol., Honolulu.

A detailed description of the physical chemical parameters of temperature, oxygen, and salinity with regard to their horizontal, vertical and seasonal distributions in the waters of the Ala Wai Canal. These parameters are in turn used to evaluate the distributions and species compositions of various marine organisms of recreation value and their associated food species.

Raymond, L. P. (1972). The environmental impacts of proposed construction (Phase I) for the Ala Wai Boat harbor. Hawaii State Dep. Transportation, Honolulu.

Analyses of environmental effects of expansion of Ala Wai Yacht Harbor, measurements of water circulation and water quality in the harbor in July-Aug. 1972. Data presented for temperature-salinity, water circulation, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, primary productivity, coliform concentrations and boat activity.

Shultz, C. D. (1971). Some chlorinated pesticides in the water, sediment and selected biota in the Ala Wai Canal, a tropical estuary on Oahu, Hawaii, Rep. No. 28. Hawaii Inst. Mar. Biol., Honolulu.

Measurement of pesticide contamination in the Ala Wai Canal and its accumulation in tissues of the the fishes Elops hawaiensis and Chanos chanos. Average concentrations for both species was below FDA limits, although individual fish did exceed these limits. Major source of contamination appeared to the Manor-Palolo Drainage Canal, with Manoa Stream the larger contributor. DDEE, DDD, DDT and dieldrin were the diominant pesticides throughout the Ala Wai.

Walker, J. R. (1973). Surfing assessment, Ala Wai Small Boat Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii, Rep. No. 7. James K. K. Look Lab., Honolulu.

Effects of sea wall construction along shoreline at Ala Wai Yacht Harbor analyzed for impact on surfing by wave refraction and reflection. Both estimated to be increased by 10% and considered to be insignificant impacts.

Wolbrink, D. and Assoc. (1969). Ala Wai boat harbor, Honolulu, Hawaii. Hawaii State Dep. Transportation, Honolullu.

Plan for expansion and upgrading of Ala Wai harbor for a net increase of 359 slips, to be done by construction of one new mole and the extension.


Appendix B


Marine Invertebrates and Fishes Catalogued for Honolulu Harbor, Keehi Lagoon, Ala Wai Yacht Harbor and Canal, and Kewalo Basin in Bishop Museum Collections

Appendix C


Organisms reported by previous studies in Honolulu Harbor
Sources:

1972 : McCain and Peck (1972)

1973: McCain and Coles (1973); McCain et al. (1975)

1974: Environmental Consultants (1974)

1978: U. S. Army Corpes of Engineers (1978)

1982: AECOS (1982)

1988: AECOS (1988)

1990: Oceanit (1990)

1991-97: (Brock (1991,1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997)

Appendix D


Organisms observed at Honolulu Harbor Stations 1-15

on 1997 Bishop Museum Surveys
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