In protestant theological institutions: a critical appraisal of contextual challenges in kerala, india jessy jaison b b s., M d


Stan Lester, ‘An introduction to Phenomenological Research’ accessed 08/07/06



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369 Stan Lester, ‘An introduction to Phenomenological Research’ accessed 08/07/06.


370 John Brewer, “Phenomenology” 227-230 in The A-Z of Social Research (London: Sage Publications, 2003), 227. The German philosopher Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) founded phenomenological method.

371 accessed 03/08/ 06

372 Simon Poore, ‘Ethno methodology- an Introduction’ Sociology at Hewett. accessed 03/08/06.

373 Ibid.

374 Ibid.

375 Ciaran Acton, “Ethnomethodology”, 102-104 in The A-Z of Social Research, Robert L Miller and John D Brewer (eds.) (London: Sage Publications, 2003), 102.

376 John Brewer, “Hermeneutics” 138-139 in The A-Z of Social Research, Robert Miller and John Brewer (eds.) Op. Cit., 138.

377 Lindseth A and Norberg A Center for Practical Knowledge, Bodo Regional University, Norway. accessed 03/08/06.

378 Paul Ricoeur, Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences, (Edited and Translated by John B Thompson) (Cambridge: University Press, 1981).


379 Jackson W Carrol, Barbara G Wheeler, Daniel O Aleshire and Pennt Long Marler Being There: Culture and Formation in Two Theological Schools (Oxford: University Press, 1997), 9.

380 Madeleine Leonard, “Interviews” 166-171 in The A-Z of Social Research, Robert Miller and John Brewer (eds.) (London: Sage Publications, 2003).

381 D L Morgan, Focus Groups as Qualitative Research, 2nd Edition (London: Sage Publications, 1997). Roger O’Sullivan “Focus Groups” 120-123 in The A-Z of Social Research, Robert Miller and John Brewer (eds.) (London: Sage Publications, 2003).

382 Gina Wisker, The Post Graduate Research handbook (New York: Palgrave, 2001), 141.

383 Nick Moore, How to do Research (London: Library Association Publishing, 2000), 124.

384 Nancy Jean Vyhmeister, Quality Research Papers: for Students of Religion and Theology (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001), 131.

385 See for example, John Brewer and Robert Miller, “Generalization”, 126-128, in The A-Z of Social Research, Miller and Brewer (London: Sage Publication, 2003), 128.

386 Miriam Scharpiro Grosof and Hyman Sardy A Research Primer for the Social and Behavioural Sciences (Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1985), 172-173 See also Royce Singleton Jr., B Straits, Magaret Straits and Ronald MacAllister Approaches to Social Research (New York: Oxford university Press, 1988), 153-154, 306.

387 Lawrence W Neuman, op. cit., 198.

388 B G Glaser and A L Strauss, The Discovery of Grounded Theory (Chicago: Aldine, 1967), (especially the chapter on Theoretical Sampling). Also Barry Gibson, “Grounded Theory” 132-134 in The A-Z of Social Research, Robert Miller and John Brewer (eds.) (London: Sage Publications, 2003).

389 Mason Jennifer, Qualitative Researching, (London: Sage 1996 (reprint 1998), 95.

390 Ibid., 94.

391 See Appendix-4.

392 Appendices 1-3.

393 Ibid., 181-188.

394 Denzin, N K., The Research Act: A theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods, 3rd edn. (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1989), Chapter 7.

395 Jennifer, op cit., 94.

396 Ibid., 95.

397 Ibid., 96.

398 Lawrence W Neuman, op. cit., 319.

399 The study does not follow the pure theoretical orientation and the absolute deductive logic of positivism; however, it guards its methodology by employing measures to control bias on the part of the researcher with standard methods in qualitative research as explained in this section. For example, David Silverman, Interpreting Qualitative Data, (London: Sae Publications, 1993), 90, 144 and Gillian Symon and Catherine Cassell (eds.) Qualitative Methods and Analysis in Organizational Research: A Practical Guide, (London: Sage Publications, 1998).

400 Sprague, Joey and Mary K Zimmerman, “Quality and Quantity: Reconstructing Feminist Methodology”, American Sociologist, 20:71-86, 1989: 82.

401 Neuman, op. cit., 324.

402 Janet Lever, “Multiple Methods of Data Collection: A Note on Divergence,” Urban Life, 10:199- 213, 1981: 200.

403 Judith Bell, Doing Your Research Project, 3rd Edition (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1999), 102.

404 L Cohen and L Manion, Research Methods in Education, 4th edition (London: Routledge, 1994), 240.

405 E C Wragg, Conducting and Analysing Interviews, Rediguide 11. (University of Nottingham School of Education: 1980), 17.

406 Judith Bell, op. cit, 103.

407 Ibid., 103-104.

408 B Glaser and A Strauss, The Discovery of Grounded Theory (Chicago: Aldine, 1967) Also B Glaser, Theoretical Sensitivity (Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press, 1978).

409 A Strauss and J Corbin, Basics of Qualitative Research- Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques, (London: Sage, 1990), 61-142. Also see, Barry Gibson, “Grounded Theory” in The A-Z of Social Research, Robert Miller and John Brewer (London: Sage Publications, 2003), 132-134.

410 William J Webb, Slavery, Women and Homosexuals (Illinois: Intervarsity Press, 2001) and William Larkin, Culture and Biblical Hermeneutics: Applying the Authoritative Word in a Relativistic Age (Michigan: Baker Book House, 1988).

411 Charles H Kraft, Christianity in Culture (New York: Orbis Books, 1980).

412 Stephen B Bevans, Models of Contextual Theology (Mary knoll: Orbis Books, 2000).

413 Brian K Blount, Cultural Interpretation (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1995).

414 Webb, op. cit.

415 The Cornwall Collective, Your Daughters Shall Prophesy, Feminist Alternatives in Theological Education (New York: The Pilgrim Press, 1980) and The Mud Flower Collective, God’s Fierce Whimsy: Christian Feminism and Theological Education (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1985).

416 Edward Farley, Theologia: The Fragmentation and Unity of Theological Education (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1983), 83.

417 David R Berlo, The process of Communication (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), 175.

418 Kraft, Christianity in Culture, op. cit. 354.

419 Ibid., 346.

420 Ibid., 347.

421 Kraft, op. cit., 33.

422 Ibid., 34.

423 John Pobee, ed. Towards Viable Theological Education (Geneva: WCC, 1997), 2. The consensuses and convictions of the three-year programme of the WCC’s ETE stream of Unit 1 on “Ecumenical Theological Education: Its Viability Today” culminated in the Oslo Global Consultation in 1996.

424 Ibid., 2.

425 Kraft, Christianity in Culture, op. cit., 129, 131.

426 Edward Farley, The Fragility of Knowledge: Theological Education in the Church and in the University (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1988), 67.

427 David H Kelsey, To Understand God Truly: What’s Theological about a Theological School (Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1992).

428 Charles H Kraft, “Can Anthropological Insight Assist Evangelical Theology?” Christian Scholar’s Review 7 1977: 165-202.

429 Paul G Hiebert, “Missions and Anthropology: A Love/Hate Relationship” Missiology 6 1978: 165-180 Also J Robertson McQuilkin, “The Behavioural Sciences Under the Authority of Scripture” JETS 20 1977: 31-43.

430 Rene Padilla, “Hermeneutics and Culture” Pre- publication draft of paper presented at the Willowbank Consultation on the Gospel and Culture, Jan. 1978 See also Kraft, Christianity and Culture, op. cit., 144.

431 Brian K Blount, Cultural Interpretation (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1995).

432 M A K Halliday, Explorations in the Functions of Language (London: Edward Arnold, 1973). Also see M A K Halliday , Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning (London: Edward Arnold, 1978).

433 Rudolf Bultmann, Jesus Christ and Mythology (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958), 19.

434 Earnst Casemann, Jesus Means Freedom (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1968), 134.

435 Charles H Kraft, “Towards a Christian Ethnotheology” in God, Man and Church Growth, ed. Alan R Tippett (Grand Rapids: Erdmann’s, 1973), 109-127.

436 E A Nida and C R Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation (Leiden: Brill, 1969), 24 See also C H Kraft, Christianity in Culture: A Study in Dynamic Biblical theologizing in Cross-Cultural Perspective, op. cit., 295-296.

437 Kraft, Christianity in Culture, op. cit., 115.

438 Brian Blount, op. cit.

439 Kraft, Christianity in Culture, op. cit., 37.

440 Ibid.,355.

441 Webb, op. cit., 23.

442 Bevans, Models of Contextual Theology (Mary knoll, Orbis Books, 2000), 30-46.

443 Ibid., 47-62.

444 Ibid., 63-80.

445 Ibid., 97-110.

446 Ibid., 83.

447 Ibid., 84-85.

448 Ibid., 82.

449 Robert Schreiter, Constructing Local Theologies (MaryKnoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1985), 10.

450 Ibid., 83.

451 accessed 05/05/07.

452 accessed 05/05/07.

453 Michael Rosen, Hegel’s Dialectic and Its Criticism (Cambridge: University Press, 1982).

454 Angelica Nuzzo, “Dialectic as Logic of Transformative Processes” 85-104 in Hegel- New Directions, Katerina Deligiorgi (ed.) (England: ACUMEN, 2006), 86.

455 Hans-Georg Gadamer, Hegel’s Dialectic: Five Hermeneutical Studies (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976).

456 John McTaggart and Ellis McTaggart, Studies in the Hegelian Dialectics (Second Edition) (Cambridge: University Press, 1922).

457 Kraft, Christianity in Culture, op cit., 52.

458 accessed 05/05/07

459 Angelica Nuzzo, “Dialectic as Logic of Transformative Processes” 85-104 in Hegel- New Directions, Katerina Deligiorgi (ed.) (England: ACUMEN, 2006), 94-95.

460 Webb, op. cit., 32.

461 Mark Lau Branson, “Response to Escobar by Mark Lau Branson” 9-10 in Conflict and Context: Hermeneutics in the Americas, Mark Lau Branson and C Rene Padilla (eds.) (Michigan: William B Eerdmans, 1986), 10.

462 Kraft, Christianity in Culture, op. cit., 103.

463 Ibid., 114.

464 Mary Evans, Woman in the Bible (Exeter: The Paternoster Press, 1983), 132.

465 Kraft, Christianity in Culture, op.cit., 115.

466 Eugene A Nida, Customs and Culture (New York: Harper, 1954), 48-52.

467 Kraft, Christianity in Culture, op.cit., 25.

468 Ibid.,50.

469 William J Larkin, op. cit., 141.

470 Kraft, Christianity in Culture, op. cit., 302.

471 Richard Bauckham, “Egalitarianism and Hierarchy in the Biblical Traditions” 259-273, in Interpreting the Bible, A N S Lane (ed.) (Leicester: APOLLOS, 1997), 272.

472 Kraft, Christianity in Culture, op. cit., 38.

473 Ibid., 113.

474 Paul G Hiebert, Cultural Anthropology, (Second Edition) (Michigan: Baker Book House, 1983), XVII.

475 Kraft, Christianity in Culture, op. cit., 215.

476 Ibid., 401.

477 Stanley J Grenz, Revisioning Evangelical Theology-A Fresh Agenda for the 21st Century (Illinois: Intervarsity Press, 1993), 137.

478 Kraft, Christianity in Culture, op. cit., 362-363.

479 Melvin Tinker, Evangelical Concerns (Great Britain: MENTOR, 2001), 77.

480 Wolfgang Stegemann, “The Contextual Ethics of Jesus”, 45-62 in The Social Setting of Jesus and the Gospels, Wolfgang Stegemann, Bruce J Malina and Gerd Theissen (eds.) (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002), 54. Stegemann argues for an ‘integrating interpretive approach’

481 Ben Witherington III, op. cit., 127.

482 John H Elliot, “Jesus was not an Egalitarian: A Critique of an Anachronistic and Idealistic Theory” 75-91, Biblical Theology Bulletin, 32 (2002): 75.

483 Elizabeth Schussler Fiorenza, Discipleship of Equals: A Critical Feminist Ecclesiology of Liberation (New York: Crossroad Books, 1993), 176.

484 John H Elliot, op. cit., 83.

485 Ben Witherington III, op. cit., 79.

486 Gilbert Bilezikian, Beyond Sex Roles (Second Edition) (Michigan, Baker Book House, 1985, Printing 2004), 81.

487 Ben Witherington III, op. cit., 114.

488 Glen H Stassen, “Recovering the Way of Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount” 103-126 in The Journal of The European Pentecostal Association, Vol. XXII, 2002: 112.

489 Ibid., 125-6.

490 Richard Bauckham, “Egalitarianism and Hierarchy in the Biblical Traditions”, op. cit., 261.

491 Ibid., 262.

492 Dietrich Bonhoeffer, The Cost of Discipleship (New York: Macmillan, 1963) reprinted by Simon Schuster, 1995.

493 H Richard Niebuhr, Christ and Culture (San Francisco: Harper and Collins Publishers, edition 1996).

494 Usha Immanuel, ‘Women and Theological Education in India: 1945 to the Present’. M Th Thesis submitted to the Senate of Serampore College in March, 1996, SAIACS Library, Bangalore, 68.

495 John Cobb, “Whatever Happened to Theology?” Christianity and Crisis, 1975, 35:117-118.

496 Harvey Cox, The Seduction of the Spirit (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1973), 167-171.

497 Kraft, Christianity in Culture, op. cit., 38-39.

498 Felix Wilfred, Theological Education in India Today (Bangalore: Asian Trading Corporation, 1985), 139.

499 V B Korishetti, Female Education: A Study of Rural India (New Delhi: Cosmo Publications, 2003), 189.

500 Mark Kline Taylor, “Celebrating Difference, Resisting Domination: The Need fro Synchronic Strategies in Theological Education” in Shifting Boundaries, Wheeler and Farley (eds.) 259-294.

501 Peter M Senge, The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization (London: Century Business, 1990), 5.

502 Michael Fullan, Large Scale Sustainable Reform, accessed 05/05/07.

503 M Fullan, Leading in a Culture of Change (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2001).

504 accessed 25/06/07.


505 Peter M Senge, op. cit., 249.

506 Aruna Gnanadason, No Longer A Secret: The Church and Violence Against Women (Geneva: WCC 1993), 49-50.

507 Rebecca Chopp, op. cit., 111.

508 Kraft, Christianity in Culture, op. cit., 355.

509 Chris Argyris, Overcoming Organizational Defences (New York: Prentice Hall, 1990), Also see Peter M Senge, The Fifth Discipline (London: Century press, 1990), 25.

510 Peter M Senge, op. cit., 25.


511 Letty Russell, “Education as Exodus”, Mid-Stream 9 (1980):9.




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