Indian Religion and Western Yoga Practice
Sacha Mathew
A Thesis
in
The Department
of
Religion
Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Master of Arts (History and Philosophy of Religion) at
Concordia University
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
April 2011
© Sacha Mathew, 2011
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CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY
School of Graduate Studies
This is to certify that the thesis prepared
By: Sacha Mathew
Entitled: Indian Religion and Western Yoga Practice
and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Arts (History and Philosophy of Religion)
complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with
respect to
originality and quality.
Signed by the final Examining Committee:
_________________________Chair
_________________________Examiner
Dr. Michael Oppenheim
_________________________Examiner
Dr, Shaman Hatley
_________________________Supervisor
Dr.Leslie Orr
Approved by _________________________
Dr. Lynda Clarke
Chair, Department of Religion
___________2011
___________________________
Brian Lewis
Dean of Faculty
iii
ABSTRACT
Indian Religion and Western Yoga Practice
Sacha Mathew
Yoga has become a very recognizable feature of Western culture. Almost
every person who has taken a yoga class can tell you that yoga originated in India.
However, contemporary North American yoga – focused on postures and physical
practice – departs considerably from “classical” yoga in India. The various yoga styles
and yoga studios in North America differ with respect to their relationship to the history
and tradition of yoga. My thesis seeks to understand the different ways that Indian
religion – “Indian-ness” and religiosity – are expressed in yoga classes and among yoga
practitioners. This thesis is a case study conducted in Montreal carried out at three studios
representing three styles that one could find in almost every major North American city:
Sattva Yoga Shala (Ashtanga-Vinyasa Yoga), Moksha Yoga Montreal (hot yoga) and
Centre de Yoga Iyengar de Montréal (Iyengar Yoga).
At each studio I interviewed teachers and students to discover their experiences
with yoga, their beliefs about benefits from practicing yoga, as well as their knowledge
and relation to the tradition of yoga. Indian religious elements are present to varying
degrees in North American yoga classes but both teachers and students appreciate these
aspects as pleasant exoticisms that are basically inessential to their yoga practice. At the
same time, students and teachers may be prone to projecting non-Indian spiritual ideas
onto their yoga practice, which enhances its significance for them.
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For My Beloved Parents
Mr. George Mathew & Alice Therratil
Kanjooparamban
"Speak the truth. Practice virtue. Do not neglect to study every day. Do not
neglect Truth, virtue, studying or teaching…Be one to whom your mother is God,
your father is God, your teacher is God, a guest is like God…Give with
Faith...give freely, give with humility… give with compassion…This is the
command. This is the teaching. This is the secret of the Veda…"
Taittiriya Upanisad I.11:1-6
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Table of Contents
Introduction ……...........................................………………………………......... 1
Chapter 1: Yoga Studios and their Styles ..……………………............................ 8
Moksha Yoga Montreal (Moksha Yoga) …………........... 8
Sattva Yoga Shala (Ashtanga Yoga) ................................. 14
Centre de Yoga Iyengar de Montréal (Iyengar Yoga) ... 18
Chapter 2: Yoga Teachers …………………………………................................. 23
Moksha Yoga teachers ...................................................... 23
Ashtanga Yoga teachers .................................................... 31
Iyengar Yoga teachers ....................................................... 39
Chapter 3: Yoga Students …………………………………….............................. 47
Moksha Yoga students ....................................................... 47
Ashtanga Yoga students ..................................................... 53
Iyengar Yoga students ........................................................ 58
Chapter 4: Conclusion ………………………........................................................ 65
Lineage & Transmission of yoga ....................................... 65
“Indian-ness” in Western yoga .......................................... 67
Non-Hindu Religiousness in Western yoga ....................... 72
Bibliography ………………………………………………………………...……. 77
Appendices ..…………………………………………………………………….... 81