UMI Number: U585003
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Summary of Thesis:
This is a study of m odern retellings of the Arthurian story, from Tennyson’s
Idylls of
the King
(1842-1891) to T.H. W hite’s
The Once and Future King
(1938-1958). It h as
th ree main aims. First, while primarily a literary history, it attem pts to form an
integrated narrative of th e m odern Arthurian legend through th e study of creative
literature, scholarship, historiography, visual art, journalism and popular culture.
Second, unlike earlier Anglo-American accounts of m odern Arthuriana, this thesis
co n cen trates exclusively on British literature, including previously-ignored retellings
of th e legend by Scottish, Irish, W elsh and Cornish writers and e m p h asises the
influence of Celtic writing on contem porary English literature.
Third, this th esis attem pts to dem onstrate how post-Tennysonian English literature is
fundam entally different from earlier manifestations of th e legend. T he medieval and
Victorian traditions, this study argues, w ere characterised by a series of literary
revolutions, beginning with th e creation of a paradigm atic text (Geoffrey’s
Historia,
Malory’s
Morte Darthur
, T ennyson’s
Idylls),
which served th e ideological n e ed s of
elite social groups. After th e creation of such texts th ere followed lengthy periods of
stable literary production which essentially reproduced and expanded th e ideological
franchise of the paradigm . Yet at certain points, due to major social and economic
transition, th e Arthurian paradigm no longer functioned effectively in its paradigmatic
mould and underw ent a period of crisis - only to em erg e in a new paradigmatic
formation.
Yet th e modern, post-Tennysonian tradition h a s not conformed to this hegem onic
structure. In th e a b s e n c e of a paradigm, Arthurian literature since th e 1920s h as
b een ch aracterised by a series of diverse and contradictory trends. Som e of th e se
have b een nationalist in orientation, while others have developed directly out of
scholarly a p p ro ach es. Politically, they have been informed by a range of ideologies,
from conservatism to feminism and from anarchism to clerical fascism .
This th esis ex am in es th e c a u s e s of the breakdown of th e paradigm atic structure in
twentieth-century Arthurian literature, while chronicling th e significance of the trends
that developed in its place - shaping the Arthurian story into a much more British
political narrative. Yet with the current breakdown in th e conception of Britain a s a
political unit, the Arthurian story se e m s ready for another major shift in form and
significance.
Acknowledgements
First I would like to thank Stephen Knight for tireless supervision and constant critical
engagement over the three years in which this thesis was written. His comments and
suggestions over various stages o f the project have greatly benefited this work. For
financial support I am grateful for a scholarship from the Arts and Humanities Research
Council, as well as for several small grants from the School of English, Communication
and Philosophy at Cardiff University. Also to be thanked is Martin Coyle for his
considerable assistance when preparing the initial research proposal. I am also grateful to
many others who have been generous in providing information and assistance: Nicola
Bassett, Anna Birt, Roger Dalrymple, Faye Hammill, Dawn Harrington, Haley Miles,
Carl Phelpstead, Helen Phillips and Heather Worthington. Special thanks ought to be
made to Katie Gramich who kindly provided me with several translations from the
Cymraeg and was o f great help in the preparation of chapter four. Finally, I would like to
acknowledge my debt to Nicola Lloyd for patience and proofreading.