Ovipositor is always present in females. It is variously modified for oviposition or stinging
or sawing or piercing plant tissue.
Metamorphosis is complete. Often the grub is apodous and eucephalous. Larva is rarely
eruciform. Pupa is exarate and frequently enclosed in a silken cocoon secreted from
labial glands.
Sex is determined by the fertilization of the eggs. Fertilized eggs develop into females and
males are produced from unfertilized eggs. Males are haploid and females diploid.
