2) EXARATE: Various appendages viz., antennae, legs and wing pads are not glued to the
body. They are free. All oligopod larvae will turn into exarate pupae. The pupa is soft and pale.
Eg: pupa of rhinocerous beetle.
3) COARCTATE: The pupal case is barrel shaped, smooth with no apparent appendages. The
last larval skin is changed into a case containing the exarate pupa. The hardened dark brown
pupal case is called puparium. Eg: Fly pupa.
In general pupal stage lacks mobility. Hence, it is the most vulnearable stage. To get
protection against adverse conditions and natural enemies, the pupa is enclosed in a protective
cover called cocoon. Based on the nature and materials used for preparation of cocoons, there
are several types: